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There are several external variables that can influence an individual’s PEOU and PU. These include:
Prior experience: If an individual has had positive experiences with similar technologies in the past, they may have a more positive attitude towards using a new technology. On the other hand, if an individual has had negative experiences with similar technologies in the past, they may have a more negative attitude towards using a new technology. Prior experience can impact an individual’s perception of the new technology, and can also influence their motivation to use it. In general, prior experience is a key factor that can shape an individual’s attitudes and behaviors towards new technology, and it is important to take it into consideration when designing and implementing new technology-based interventions.
Training and support: Training and support refers to the level of instruction and assistance that is provided to users in order to help them effectively use a new technology. This can include things like in-person or online tutorials, user guides and manuals, and ongoing technical support. The more training and support that is provided, the more likely users are to feel confident and capable in using the technology, which can increase their perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Additionally, having access to ongoing technical support can also help users troubleshoot any issues or problems they may encounter while using the technology, which can further increase their satisfaction and likelihood of continued use.
Social influence: Social influence refers to the impact that other people have on an individual’s behavior, attitudes and decision-making. In the context of technology acceptance, social influence refers to the impact that other people (e.g. friends, family, colleagues) have on an individual’s perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of a new technology. For example, if an individual’s friends and colleagues are using a new technology and are providing positive feedback about it, this may increase the individual’s perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the technology, and therefore increase their likelihood of adopting it. On the other hand, if an individual’s friends and colleagues are not using the technology or are providing negative feedback about it, this may decrease the individual’s perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the technology, and therefore decrease their likelihood of adopting it.
Personal characteristics: Personal characteristics refer to the individual-level factors that can influence a person’s perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology. These factors can include things like a person’s age, gender, education level, technical aptitude, and personality traits. For example, a person who is older may be less likely to be comfortable with new technology and therefore may have a lower perceived ease of use. Similarly, a person who is more introverted may be less likely to seek out new technology and therefore may have a lower perceived usefulness. Personal characteristics can also include things like motivation, attitude, and self-efficacy, which can also play a role in determining how a person perceives a new technology.
Perceived compatibility: Perceived compatibility refers to the degree to which an individual believes that a new technology is consistent with their existing values, needs, and past experiences. In other words, it is the extent to which an individual perceives that the new technology will fit well with their current work or personal habits and routines. For example, a student who is used to taking notes by hand might not see a digital note-taking app as compatible with their current work habits and may be less likely to adopt it. Additionally, an individual may see a new technology as incompatible if it does not align with their personal values or beliefs. For example, an individual who is concerned about privacy may not see a new technology that collects a lot of personal data as being compatible with their personal values. Understanding how compatibility is perceived by individuals can be important in predicting and promoting the acceptance and use of new technologies.
Perceived risk: Perceived risk refers to the degree to which an individual perceives potential negative consequences or loss associated with the use of a new technology. This can include concerns about data privacy, security, or financial loss. For example, a university student might be hesitant to use a new online payment system if they perceive a high risk of fraud or identity theft. In the Technology Acceptance Model, perceived risk is considered as one of the external variables that influence an individual’s perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of a new technology. It suggests that if an individual perceives high risk with a new technology, they may be less likely to adopt it, even if they find it to be easy to use and useful.
Thus, the external variables that influence an individual’s perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology can vary and depend on the specific technology and the context in which it is being used.
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There are plentiful explorable external factors that influence personals’ perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) towards a technology. In specify, I exemplify the role of geoinformatics technology in disease surveillance as one of the prominent technology platforms in public health program. I determine two external variables and explain how they connect to the technology acceptance model, they are the importance of job and supporting conditions.
Job importance is related to the characteristics of an organization’s business processes and the expected output of a particular job by enhancing the role of technology. Those aspects will strongly affect behavioral intention because of the demands to operate technology, although some researches also refer to the fitness between task and technology and cognitive fit as well. In my illustration, the health department needs experts in disease mapping for health program planning and then recruit at least data scientists who are able to demonstrate geoinformatics system-related tasks, or it is called ‘Geographic Information System (GIS)’. The same thing may also be applied in health-related faculties and research institutions because of the demand for advanced analysis.
Supporting condition means a circumstance in which the internal organization facilitates the workforce to execute technology-specific tasks and to overcome the organization’s demand. There are no limitations regarding the scope of supporting conditions as the spectrum of this external aspect is broad. Good internet connection, provision of GIS software, training, and mentoring, are the prime example that has a direct impact on PU and PEOU. Therefore, it is true to say that a lack of supporting conditions can avoid individuals from accepting the use of GIS-related technology for disease mapping.
I conclude that with the exemplification of using GIS for disease mapping, job importance, and supporting conditions are two external variables that affect people to accept technology in their working duties.
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There are many factors which could influence the perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness. The type of technology and adoption among the population might be differential factors for technology acceptance. Below are some variables that I am aware of.
Facilitating condition (FC) is the individual belief that an organizational and technical infrastructure exists to support use of the system. Technology adoption among people who are working in high FC supporting environment, such as availability within IT departments or Training support and gadgets, will possibly result in higher perceived usefulness or higher simplicity of use of the technology.
Social Influence (SI) is how an individual perceives that those important others believe he or she should use the new system. If there are people around, especially important ones such as family, physician or co-worker who recommend or use that technology, adoption by that person might be influenced by these people to embrace the system further. For example, adult children convinced their elderly parents to use the mobile application for long distance communication.
Privacy and Security concerns are the individual’s attitude and misgivings regarding fairness within the context of information privacy and security. Once people are more concerned about privacy and security of their data sharing via networks, they might weigh the risks and benefits and feel a decrease in the perceived usefulness of the system. For example, people are aware of data breaches from online shopping; so, they would restrict the usage of online shopping registrations.
Age is one of the variables which will possibly influence both perceived usefulness and ease of use. For example, introducing the same technology into two organizations. Perceived ease of use and usefulness will possibly be higher in the organization where there are a larger number of young generation staff.
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There are many external variables influencing the perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology. Followings are the potential external variables.
The bad experience of the previous change to a new technology makes people fear of changes.
Participation in the implementation of new technology can help users accept changes. Every department in the organization should provide people engaging in the implementation process of the new technology.
Increasing age may associate with reducing aspiration to learn a new technology. Aging people are familiar with the technology developed in their working age.
Infrastructure of the organization also influences on the perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness. Such infrastructure includes network, client computers, central servers, etc. If the network is frequently interrupted or has a slow speed, or if the computer hardware is old and consumes a lot of time for operating a process, these are barriers to the success of implementation of a new technology.
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I also agree with other classmates that there are many factors affecting Usefulness (U) or Ease of Use (EOU) including:
1) Technology on-boarding process: People typically hate changes, especially the change that they did not understand clearly and have no idea how to react with it. The well-prepared on-boarding process including proper training, workshop, IT support may could enhance the technology acceptance especially the EOU domain.
2) Digital Literacy: This factor is the factor showing how well people could adapt to new technology. Young people, including Y and Z generation growing up with many technologies’ disruption. People of these generations tend to adapt well. I once learn about model of product adoption. In my opinion, this model could also adapt with technology acceptance as well. Most young people tend to adopt the product rapidly (innovators or early adopters) while the senior worker of X generation or boomer generation may fell in the late majority and the laggards group. I’m quite sure that the population characteristic, especially age, affect the result of TAM -
There are various external factors that can affect an individual’s perceived usefulness or ease of use of a new technology.
Previous technology experience: Those who have previous experience with similar technology may find it easier to use and more useful compared to those who have no prior experience.
Social influence: An individual’s perception of a technology can be influenced by their social circle’s opinions and experiences, including friends, family, or colleagues.
Training and support: The level of training and support provided by the technology provider or organization can significantly impact an individual’s perceived ease of use and usefulness. Sufficient training and support can help users overcome obstacles and boost their confidence in using the technology.
Compatibility with existing systems and processes: If a new technology is compatible with existing systems and processes, users may find it more useful and easier to use. Conversely, if it requires significant changes to current workflows or processes, users may perceive it as less useful and more challenging to use.
Availability and accessibility: The availability and accessibility of a technology can also affect an individual’s perception of its usefulness. If a technology is easily accessible and readily available, users may perceive it as more useful and be more likely to adopt it.
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What are some specific ‘external variables’ that you think might influence an individuals’ perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology?
I am currently working on research about the technology acceptance model (TAM). The original proposal behind the idea of this model was that an individual’s behavioural intention to use a particular system consisted of two beliefs (i.e., two constructs) which were Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). However, more recent studies showed that those two key elements are also influenced by other factors, including external factors which are (1) social influence, which refers to how people around the individual think and decide. Such opinion has an impact to one’s perception about the new technology and hence, and acceptance. The latter is (2) organisational support, if the individual has received sufficient training and support alongside the new technology deployment. It would significantly attenuate resistance to change.
Other factors include the perception about privacy, security and also technology/digital literacy. It is obvious that younger generations have more opportunity to access digital technologies than previous generations. They grew up with them and frankly are more familiar with them. -
There are many external variables that could influence perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. I also agree with what friends are sharing on those factors.
For me, I think social influence is the most important. Because when ones are living in the same environment, and they can sense how others feel on a new change. If there is one person who doesn’t agree with a change, but others agree and can explain how good it is. Then the person, who has bad perception of the change, would have change her/his mind.
Another variable could be experiences on what they have faced before. If they have faced bad experiences toward a change, they might be afraid that changing will have an unpleasant effect to them somehow.
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I agree with all colleagues’ comments. There are several external variables that can influence an individual’s perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology, including:
First, Socioeconomic status and Accessibility;
People with higher socioeconomic status may have greater access to technology and may be more familiar with its use, which can affect their perception of the usefulness and ease of use of new technologies. Moreover, the accessibility of different devices may affect an individual’s perception of its usefulness and ease of use.Second, the Age, Experience and Culture;
Different ages may have different cultures. Younger people may have different attitude towards new technology from older people. They may find it easier to use and understand new technologies than older people who did not have access to technology when they were younger.Lastly, with a technical support and training of new technology, it can affect the perceived usefulness or ease of use in any kind of people with different backgrounds mentioned above. For example, if a user receives a training and has access to good support resources, they may be more likely to perceive the technology as easy to use and useful.
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I totally agree with all classmates’ opinion. With the concept of extension of the TAM including social influence and cognitive instrumental process, I’d like to add on example to be more specific, there are several of external variables that might influence an individuals’ perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology, in order to be studied or objective monitored. For example, personalization, collaboration environment, utility, price, design, interaction during technology usage, faith of application, quality of content of that new technology, information offer and technical support function.
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I agree with all comments above. Factors including personal factor (Age, Experience, Digital literacy) and others are vital for technology adoption.
However, from my experience, Support is the most important factor. Many struggles can be solved with a decent support from executives and IT team. For instance, some people with bad experience using IT and low digital literacy can be assisted with good support system that can help them to be able to use the IT system easier and more effective.
Another factor not yet mentioned but, in my opinion. is very effective is incentive. I read some articles about incentive and HIS adoption in the USA and I found that incentive can be a big positive factor in IT adoption.
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