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Choose one (or more) of the following vital statistics and describe
1. Definition of each vital statistic?
2. How to calculate each vital statistic?
3. What are the main usefulness of each vital statistic?Here is a list of vital statistics.
Case-Fatality rate
Mortality rate
Age-specific mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rate -
Definition of each vital statistic:
Case-fatality rate: The proportion of individuals who have a particular condition (such as a disease) and die from it.
Mortality rate: The number of deaths in a population over a specific time period, typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Age-specific mortality rate: The number of deaths in a specific age group over a specific time period, typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 people in that age group.
Maternal mortality rate: The number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
Neonatal mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under 28 days of age per 1,000 live births.
How to calculate each vital statistic:
Case-fatality rate: The case-fatality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths due to a particular condition divided by the number of individuals who have that condition.
Mortality rate: The mortality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths in a population over a specific time period divided by the size of the population, typically expressed per 1,000 people.
Age-specific mortality rate: The age-specific mortality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths in a specific age group over a specific time period divided by the size of the population in that age group, typically expressed per 1,000 people in that age group.
Maternal mortality rate: The maternal mortality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes over a specific time period divided by the number of live births during that time period, expressed per 100,000 live births.
Infant mortality rate: The infant mortality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths of children under one year of age over a specific time period divided by the number of live births during that time period, expressed per 1,000 live births.
Neonatal mortality rate: The neonatal mortality rate can be calculated as the number of deaths of children under 28 days of age over a specific time period divided by the number of live births during that time period, expressed per 1,000 live births.
What are the main usefulness of each vital statistic:
Case-fatality rate: The case-fatality rate is useful for understanding the severity of a particular condition and the effectiveness of treatments or interventions for that condition.
Mortality rate: The mortality rate is useful for understanding the overall health of a population and for identifying trends in mortality over time.
Age-specific mortality rate: Age-specific mortality rates are useful for understanding the mortality patterns in different age groups and for identifying potential health disparities between age groups. They can also be used to inform public health policies and programs.
Maternal mortality rate: The maternal mortality rate is a key indicator of the health of women and their access to quality maternal health care. It is useful for identifying trends in maternal mortality over time and for evaluating the effectiveness of maternal health policies and programs.
Infant mortality rate: The infant mortality rate is a key indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population. It is useful for identifying trends in infant mortality over time and for evaluating the effectiveness of policies and programs aimed at improving child health.
Neonatal mortality rate: The neonatal mortality rate is a specific measure of infant mortality that focuses on deaths that occur within the first 28 days of life. It is useful for understanding the causes of infant mortality and for identifying opportunities for intervention to improve the health of newborns.
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AGE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE
Age-specific mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths in a particular age/age group in a specific geographical area (city, state, country) per 1.000 population in the same age/age group. It can be calculated by dividing those dying at a particular age/age group by the population in that age/age group.
Age-specific mortality rate is used to suggest specific causes of death according to the persistent patterns of current health problems (disease risks and disease events) at that age/age group in a particular community.
Most countries illustrate the pattern of age-specific mortality rate on the J-shaped, meaning that mortality is high among infants, children under 5, and young children. Then, it drops rapidly until age groups 5-14. The curve increases exponentially above age 35 and skyrockets after age 65.
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Age-specific mortality rate
Definition: A mortality rate in a specific age group
Calculation: The numerator is the number of deaths in that age group; the denominator is the number of persons in that age group in the population.
Main usefulness: To determine a burden of a disease in term of mortality in a particular age group, especially, there is difference of mortality rate among age groupsMaternal mortality rate
Definition: number of maternal death per 100,000 live birth
Calculation: The numerator is the number of maternal death after giving birth in a specific period of time; the denominator is the number of live birth in the same period of time.
Main usefulness: To show a problem of postnatal care in women -
Maternal mortality rate (MRR)
Definition: the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period.
Calculation: (Number of maternal deaths/Total live births) * 100000
Main usefulness: MRR is an indicator reflects on the capacity of health systems that effectively prevent complication during pregnancy and childbirth. In addition, MRR is considerable on overall health status or quality of life and key indicator of health care access and socioeconomic development.Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
Definition: the number of infants dying within the first 4 weeks or up to 28 days of life per 1,000 live births in a year and geographical region.
Calculation: (Number of deaths under 28 days of age/Number of live births during the same period) * 1000
Main usefulness: NMR is an indicator of quality of care at birth in a country. It is also an indicator for child health and wellbeing. As well as MRR, it reflects socioeconomic development and access that children have basic health interventions. -
Choose one (or more) of the following vital statistics and describe
1. Definition of each vital statistic?
2. How to calculate each vital statistic?
3. What are the main usefulness of each vital statistic?Here is a list of vital statistics.
Case-Fatality rate
Mortality rate
Age-specific mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rateLet’s start with the first one,
Case-Fatality rate (CFR)
Its definition is the proportion of people diagnosed with a certain disease and died from that specific disease without time period between disease onset and death taken into consideration. This indicator often reports as percentage and measures the disease lethality.
The calculation of the CFR = [(No. of deaths from the disease) / (No. of confirmed case of the disease)] x 100Other indicators provided in the example mostly focused on the mortality rate.
The mortality rate is different from the CFR and sometimes may cause confusion. The mortality rate is a measure of relative number of deaths (whether by a specific disease or in general) within the PARTICULAR POPULATION per unit of time from ANY CAUSE
It is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1000 individuals
The numerator for the mortality rate is [(No. of death) / (Population of that area)]Unlike other measurements, such as perinatal/maternal/infant mortality rate which are more specific to the particular causes, hence their names. The numerator and denominator are also different, yet stand with the fundamental idea of the
mortality rate. -
Maternal mortality rate
Definition: The number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications per 100,000 live births.
How to Calculate: The number of maternal deaths / Number of live births * 100,000
Main usefulness: To measure the quality of maternal health care and to identify areas for improvement.Infant mortality rate
Definition: The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a specified time period.
How to Calculate: The number of infant deaths under one year of age) / Number of live births * 1,000
Main usefulness: To measure the overall health and well-being of infants and to identify areas for improvement in prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care.Neonatal mortality rate
Definition: The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age per 1,000 live births in a specified time period.
How to Calculate: The number of neonatal deaths under the age of 28 / Number of live births * 1,000
Main usefulness: To measure the health and survival of newborns and to identify areas for improvement in prenatal and perinatal care -
Case-Fatality rate
1. Definition
case-fatality rate refer to rate of death in patient who diagnosed with specific disease when considered in overall patient of the disease in a single point of time at study.
2. How to calculate
we can calculate case-fatality rate by number of patient who died due to the disease dived by overall number of patient who diagnosed the disease in single point at a study x 100
3. What are the main usefulness of each vital statistic?
The main useful of case-fatality rate is severity indicator of the disease. It’s mean, if the disease A have a 100% of case-fatality rate, it mean all of patients who diagnosed A all died due to disease A. In addition, case-fatality rate also partially demonstrated the quality of public health service for treatment of the disease. -
Maternal Mortality Rate
Definition
The number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period.
* Maternal deaths: Female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
* Live birth: The complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached.Calculation
In the same period; (Numerator)Number of maternal deaths/(denominator)Number of live births, multiplying by 100,000Usefulness
It captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth. It is often used as an international indicator of the health of a population overall.
For the global concern, it reflects inequalities in access to quality health services and highlights the gap between rich and poor countries. -
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The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths in a single year for every 1,000 live births in the same year.
The infant mortality rate calculates the number of infant deaths in the first year of life divided by the number of live births multiplied by 1000.
The infant mortality rate is the key information about overall health of maternal and infant, and reflects the social, economic and environmental conditions in which children (and others in society) live. The infant mortality rate can be compared in different geographical regions or to capture the trends by year. Different causes of infant mortality could be investigated after.
For example, The infant mortality rate for Thailand in 2022 was 6.882 deaths per 1000 live births, a 3.07% decline from 2021.
Afghanistan, Somalia, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Sierra Leone are among the top five countries with the highest infant mortality rate in the world in 2021. -
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Neonatal mortality rate
Definition:
Number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per 1000 live births in a given year or other period.Calculation:
To calculate neonatal mortality rate, the number of deaths in the first 28 days of life is divided by the number of live births in the same time period. The result is then multiplied by 1,000 to obtain the rate per 1,000 live births.Usefullness:
The neonatal mortality rate is a key indicator of the overall health and well-being of newborns. It provides important information on the quality of healthcare services and can be used to identify areas for improvement. Neonatal mortality rate is also used to monitor progress towards achieving national and international health goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to reduce neonatal mortality rates in countries around the world. In addition, the neonatal mortality rate is a valuable tool for policymakers, health professionals, and researchers who are working to improve the health and well-being of newborns and their families. -
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Hi All,
I would like to share with you all about Infant mortality rate
Definition:
Per CDC, Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births (this death is needed to occur prior to their first birthday).**Please remark that even the name of this indicator is RATE, the denominator is not TOTAL nor the TIME-dependent parameter but it is the NUMBER of LIVED infant
In my opinion, this is the same concept of Odds ratio.Calculation:
(Number of deaths among children < 1 year of age reported during given time period)/ number of live births during the same time) x 1,000
Use:
This indicator is used to reflect the overall health status of each country based on the assumption that the health of mothers and infants were affected by country factors including prenatal care(mother behaviors and education), postnatal care (immunization program, nutrition status). The higher the mortality rate, the poorer of health status of the particular countryExample of interpretation:
In 2021, the infant mortality rate was 53.98 in Pakistan. It means that For every 1,000 lives of infants in Pakistan, 53.98 infants died before the age of 1 year. -
As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, the mortality rate is a measure of the frequency of death occurrences in a particular population during a designated time frame. The formula used to calculate the mortality rate of a given population over a specified period is as follows:
Calculation: Mortality rate = (Number of deaths occurring during the given period / Total size of the population at risk during the same period) x 10n (with n typically being 1,000 or 100,000).
Usefulness:
– Identifying health problems: Mortality rates can reveal health issues in a population, such as high death rates from certain illnesses. This can help government officials decide where to focus interventions to decrease mortality and enhance overall health.
– Monitoring progress: Mortality rates can track progress in reducing death rates from specific causes or overall mortality over time. This can help evaluate the success of interventions and support policy-making.
– International comparisons: Mortality rates can be compared across countries to identify variations in health outcomes and healthcare systems. This can highlight effective approaches and help shape global health policies.
– Informing research: Mortality rates can help in designing research questions and hypotheses by identifying specific risk factors or underlying causes of death. This can lead to the development of targeted interventions and policies. -
I am interested in Case-Fatality rate (range 0-100%) or sometimes called case-fatality ratio (0-1).
The definition of case-fatality rate (CRF) is the measure of number of confirmed deaths among number of confirmed diagnosed cases for particular disease during a given time.
To calculate CRF we can use the formula CFR in % = (Number of deaths from disease/Number of confirmed cases of disease) x 100. And if we want to calculate in ratio, we can use the same equation without multiplying with 100.
CRF can be very useful to indicate severity of particular diseases that can indirectly tell us about prognosis of the disease. Consequently, we can manage the resources needed for treatments and controlling the diseases.
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