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Please read the article by Jillian Murray and Adam L Cohen. Infectious Disease Surveillance. (2017) International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2nd edition, Volume 4.
Think about COVID-19 disease…
– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?Cases in medical facilities VS community
Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
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COVID-19 as we all know, is an infectious respiratory disease that currently spreads at an alarming rate. Surveillance can help reduce its spread through:
– determining the burden of disease: hotspots can be detected through surveillance. This will prompt action to increase testing and treatment capacity and quickly employ preventive interventions such as increased vaccination rates and restrict mobility
– monitoring trends: these trends may be associated with the demographic data in terms of age/ age group, gender, presence or absence of co-morbidities among others. For example, based on current knowledge, COVID-19 causes serious complications among those with co-morbidities. Hence, these individuals were prioritized for vaccination.
– swiftly detect outbreaks: An increased utilization rate of medical resources (ICU, hospital beds, oxygen) at a local health facility may indicate that an outbreak has occurred at the community.I believe that both active and passive surveillance complement each other for COVID-19 surveillance. Similar to Ebola, COVID-19 is a notifiable disease. Usually, healthcare utilization rate determines the probable case distribution in a community (passive). In parallel, contact tracing is quickly initiated to determine the close contacts of a confirmed COVID-19 case (active).
If I were to choose which method is better than the other, here are my answers provided with justifications:
– Community surveillance: it may be costly but provided that more infectious variants are emerging. Further, most cases are asymptomatic in nature – a person may be a superspreader but he/she does not know this because he/she has no symptoms.
– Population-based: Regardless of the variant, COVID-19 is treated the same way as with another variant. Likewise, the preventive mechanisms still apply.
– Aggregated: Provided that COVID-19 has become widespread, case-based surveillance will be tedious to perform
– Laboratory-confirmed: All guidelines suggest laboratory confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. As COVID-19 is still preventable, a syndromic surveillance data may lead to unnecessary actions such as unnecessary lockdowns, halt of economic activities, and mass testing which may be costly for low-income countries.I’d choose ongoing, real-time dissemination tools as my platform for COVID-19 surveillance information. There is a need for quick decision-making as COVID-19 is becoming more transmissible with variants. A good example is Our World In Data hosted by Johns Hopkins University which collects COVID-19 epidemiological data on a global scale. This gives information on which countries are performing better in terms of vaccination rates and reducing case counts and mortality. On a national level, real-time dissemination of surveillance information enables evidence-informed preparations and actions to limit the spread of COVID-19.
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1. How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
In view of the current status of the COVID19 pandemic, surveillance will help describe the current burden of the disease to identify areas and timing for necessary interventions such as reinforcing the health care system and various social restrictions, and also monitor trends which reviews the impact of interventions such as vaccination.2. Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
In the initial stage of the pandemic, active surveillance could have been effective for active case finding. However once the epidemic spreads widely and as COVID19 is classified as notifiable disease in many countries, the conduct of passive surveillance will be suitable, which can be complemented by active surveillance to focus more on cluster detection including contact tracing.3. Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
[Cases in medical facilities VS community]
COVID19 cases should be identified in both medical facilities and community, because many patients with COVID19 are known to be asymptomatic while severe cases can be identified at medical facilities.[Sentinel VS population-based surveillance]
Given the current status of the pandemic, population based surveillance is preferred to identify and monitor all cases of COVID19.[Case-based VS aggregated surveillance]
The conduct of case-based surveillance can be quickly overwhelmed by the increase in the number of COVID19 cases, therefore aggregated surveillance is preferable until the pandemic becomes under control and elimination is pursued.
[Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance]
Laboratory-confirmed surveillance is preferred, because etiologic agent has already been identified and can be tested in a variety of laboratory facilities.4. What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
If funding is available, I would choose an online based platform to display surveillance data that allows users to view global and country level data and also their geographical distribution.
The COVID-19 Dashboard, managed by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, is a perfect example of a dissemination tool.
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html -
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– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
Surveillance can help to detect the control by detecting the time-place-person that infection of COVID-19 occurs. This information can help to allocate the resources, monitor the outbreak, and plan for investigation of the outbreak. The surveillance also helps to monitor the impact of interventions, especially vaccination in the area if it is covered the population and is effective for prevention.– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
For COVID – 19, we should conduct both active and passive surveillance. COVID – 19 is one of the diseases that need to be notified to the authority in case of new case detection which is considered passive surveillance. For active surveillance, it is necessary because many infected COVID-19 patients are asymptomatic but can be a spreader that does harm to others. These patients did not come to the hospital. Active surveillance, such as screening with an antigen test kit (ATK) in high-risk areas or in an area with a history of an outbreak can early detect the spreading of the virus.– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
#Cases in medical facilities VS community
Both methods are needed to detect the COVID-19 case. In medical facilities, the patient might come to the hospital with abnormal symptoms (such as fever, upper respiratory symptoms) which are then investigated, diagnosed, and report to the authority. Screening in the community is also important since many infected patients have no symptoms. Using a test kit in the area at risk can detect more cases.
#Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
Both sentinel and population-based surveillance are needed. For example, when there is a new case detected in a particular area, such as a market or a large factory with many workers, we use sentinel surveillance to detect cases in that area. Population-based surveillance is also necessary to represent the national level of the disease.
#Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Case-based surveillance is still necessary in some areas that the rate of infection is still low to early detect the index case (information from the index case such as timeline, place visited, a person contacted) and control the spreading by approaching the high-risk patient early to limit the contact. Aggregated surveillance is necessary for the area with a large number of patients.
#Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
-Using both laboratory-confirmed method and syndromic criteria can be useful in the COVID-19 situation. We use syndromic criteria (such as fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms) and the history of traveling to an endemic area or contacting with COVID-19 patients as a rule-in for high risk of COVID-19 infection. For laboratory-confirmed method, we use to confirm the high-risk case and determine the needs for investigation for outbreaks and clusters.– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
I will choose ongoing, real-time dissemination tools since the number and the situation of COVID-19 change very often. The data about the situation of infection in a particular area, knowledge about the newer strains of the virus, and the treatment methods must be up-to-date in order to understand the situation and plan for management.-
Auswin made good points that some surveillance are equally needed depending on the situation – given that COVID-19 may be undetected due to asymptomatic cases. While it may be costly, an all-out surveillance will definitely result to better outcomes, which in this case is lowering the reproduction rate of COVID-19.
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How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
-Surveillance helps to control the disease by detecting the confirmed case and high-risk cases along with time and place. Proper monitoring and responding to the transmission of disease by using well-planned countermeasures is one of its benefits. Suitable allocation of healthcare resources according to the trend of the outbreak can be managed easier when using surveillance.Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
– In the case of COVID-19 disease, we should use both active and passive surveillance to early detect the spreading of the disease. If we use only a passive system, we will not detect the asymptomatic and mild severity of the case, causing further transmission and may be out of control.Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
– To identify case needs both cases in both medical facilities and the community. Preventing transmission is essential for outbreak control. Therefore, the case in the community may be an asymptomatic or mild symptom, should be early detected. For medical facilities, the only cases with moderate-severe symptoms are detected.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
– Population-based surveillance is more suitable for national-level management. While sentinel surveillance is more suitable for the local community that has a low infection rate.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
-Case-based surveillance is suitable in areas with low transmission rates. On the other hand, aggregated surveillance is more preferably in high transmission areas, which can be switch to case-based surveillance when the transmission rate decreases.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
-Laboratory-confirmed surveillance is more suitable in well resources countries. It can provide the rate of transmission precisely and prevent using overestimate management, which will increase the burden on expenditure.What dissemination tools will do you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose/these tools?
Ongoing, real-time dissemination tools are the most suitable tools for this outbreak. We can monitor the data easily( number of confirmed cases, hospitalization rate, ICU occupying rate, death rate, and recovery rate) and plan the timely countermeasures according to the available resources. -
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– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
surveillance can help detect and control Covid-19. the availability of data makes it easier for officers to respond quickly to tracking cases so that they can control the spread of cases– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
Covid-19 surveillance is carried out passively and actively. Passive surveillance is carried out to determine disease trends and must become disease surveillance that mandatory notifiable disease by all health facilities. Active surveillance is carried out for preventive responses such as case tracing– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
both are important in covid surveillance. Case-based surveillance in health facilities is important to do to find out the number of confirmed cases and community-based surveillance serves to capture cases that have obstacles to go to health facilities
Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Cased-based surveillance is better than aggregated surveillance in handling Covid-19. The data variables obtained from cased-based surveillance are more numerous and varied so that it is easy to conduct a more in-depth data analysis to find out the epidemiology of the case. besides that case tracking is also easy to do if cased base surveillance
Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
Laboratory-based surveillance is more appropriate to implement than syndromic surveillance for covid-19 surveillance because other diseases can have the same symptoms as covid and covid diagnostic enforcement can be done easily and quickly– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
Dissemination of data to the public on the official website is data that has been verified by each level in order to avoid data errors -
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1. Regarding COVID-19 disease, surveillance can help to describe the burden and epidemiology of the disease, such as what age groups are the most vulnerable, what regions that have the most case, etc. Surveillance can also monitor the trends and help the authorities can act quickly when the cases are increasing. In addition, by doing whole-genome sequencing, it also helps to identify new virus strain.
2. Since COVID-19 is rapidly spreading, only doing passive surveillance would end up underestimating the disease so both active and passive surveillance must be done.
3. The best method to identify the cases are:
• Using both medical facilities and community surveillance because symptomatic COVID-19 patients will go to hospital to get medication, but there is also evidence of asymptomatic cases so finding cases in the community is also important.
• Using population-based surveillance, because it is still a disease that is spread rapidly across the globe. Sentinel surveillance is more appropriate for disease that has been controlled and stable.
• Using case-based surveillance because it collects more detailed information that can be used to understand the disease better, such as age demographic, most common clinical symptoms, and exposure and contact history.
• Using laboratory-confirmed surveillance because the COVID-19 symptoms are too common that people often mistake it as a common cold, so having laboratory-confirm surveillance is essential.4. I would choose ongoing and real-time dissemination tools because the disease is still rapidly spreading, having a real-time and reliable webpage and dashboard will keep the public updated and help to understand the situation better. Using this kind of tool also help the monitoring process for the authorities to act quickly.
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Surveillance is the essential component of public health informatics that tracks the disease pattern, identify disease outbreak and monitor the impact of the diseases. We should consider both passive and active surveillance for COVID -19. In passive surveillance data are collected routinely after the people approach health facilities for the treatment. Intervening the direct public measures like the Antigen test, contact tracing is active surveillance that helps in detecting and isolating the COVID 19 individuals in contact.
Syndromic surveillance in COVID 19 should be done in populated areas like schools, workplaces as it helps early detection of an outbreak.
Sentinel surveillance helps for detecting the different variants as it requires additional lab tests and is done only in limited sites.
I would like to prefer the reliable health information disseminated via CDC, WHO Data visualization Dashboards, scientific journals, and websites. -
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How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
– Surveillance helps detect and control Covid-19. Collected positive-covid cases with place and time, can prevent the transmission which is crucial in the pandemics, predict the situation and plan for treatment/resources easier.Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
– I think for covid-19, we should conduct both active and passive surveillance. Passive surveillance is mandatory for valid information and epidemiology. Active surveillance is for early detection to prevent transmission in a huge population, especially in high-risk areas and asymptomatic patients.Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
– Cases in medical facilities VS community: Both, because there are a large number of asymptomatic cases as well.
– Sentinel VS population-based surveillance: Population-based surveillance, because of the rapid transmission and it spreads over the countries, at the national/international level.
– Case-based VS aggregated surveillance: Aggregated surveillance may be suitable for the current situation with this high transmission rate. But case-based surveillance can gather more detailed information, so it may be suitable in small areas or low transmission rates.
– Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance: laboratory-confirmed surveillance because the symptoms are similar to other diseases which might lead to invalid data or misdiagnosis.What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
– Ongoing and real-time dissemination tools because of the rapid transmission which makes it hard to plan or control. Therefore, the data need to be up-to-date and detect fast. -
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– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
Surveillance can detect and control disease, especially COVID-19, in many ways. Firstly, surveillance (passive) identifies new severe acute respiratory syndrome cases that are admitted to the hospital. After that, they realized this could be the new disease outbreak by epidemiologic investigation, so they immediately responded to this situation by warning the public for proper measurement of disease control such as isolate contracted disease, self-protection, etc. Early detection of new virus pathogen also plays an important role in disease control; analytic report of the virus genome sequencing is essential for the prompt of vaccine manufacturing. Finally, surveillance also helps monitor, control, and eradicate the disease by allocating resources to the hotspot outbreak area to control the disease and distribution of vaccines to specific locations first.– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
For the COVID-19 outbreak, we should conduct both active and passive surveillance because the outbreak is very contagious, so active surveillance will facilitate finding out asymptomatic or mild symptomatic contracted diseases and isolate them before they spread to others. Passive surveillance is also essential for identifying the burden of disease and monitoring and controlling the outbreak.– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
Identifying cases in the hospital and community both are important. Although seeking the contracted cases in the hospital is more likely to find the positive case, however; the COVID-19 is an outbreak that is needed to find out asymptomatic patients in the community and control the spreading of disease.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
In my opinion, population-based surveillance might be more effective than sentinel surveillance in this situation because this outbreak is widespread, and we need immediate response to the contracted case, which sentinel surveillance might not provide the massive surveillance. However, to adopt population-based surveillance, we need more qualified laboratory or reliable rapid tests to implementation of population-based surveillance.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
At the initial stage of outbreaks, case-based surveillance, which includes detailed information of person, place, and time, will facilitate the detection of the patient under investigation. However, when the positive case increases significantly, the case-based surveillance might not be appropriate because it can cause a lot of workload for healthcare investigators, so the aggregated surveillance, which includes the number of confirmed or suspected cases but lack of detailed information, might work effectively.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
Both syndromic and laboratory-confirmed surveillance are important. For syndromic, we use some certain criteria for rapid identification that might warrant further investigation so we can separate the suspicious case, and this is useful in disease control. For laboratory-confirmed surveillance is important to identify the real burden of outbreak and provide strains of virus which is essential for health public policy and vaccination program– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
I will use the ongoing, real-time dissemination tools for surveillance because of the real time information is essential for strategic plan to control and eradicate the outbreak. -
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– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
Surveillance system can help to enable rapid detection of the disease, describe the burden of the disease, monitor the trend of the disease to predict the progression of the disease, use all of the data to develop the prevention and control measure and evaluate the effectiveness of disease control measure.– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
Active and passive surveillance should be conducted. Passive surveillance help to initial detect the confirmed case to perform further active surveillance. Active surveillance is necessary in detect more cases in the community including the asymptomatic cases and population at risk to implement the rapid response against the disease outbreak.– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community:
Both of them should be used to identify the cases. We need confirmed case data from the medical facilities to identify the contact person or population at risk. It leads to identifying cases in the community to detect and screen person with asymptomatic or mild symptoms.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance:
Population-based surveillance should be conducted because the pandemic of COVID-19 is still ongoing and progressing in the large area. Population-based used to monitor trends in a defined population over time, locale, and population characteristics.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance:
Case-based surveillance can be used when the transmission rate is still low because it can enable more detail in each case to help in treatment and prevention process. Whenever the transmission rate is high, the aggregated surveillance is more suitable to decrease the workload of surveillance team.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
Both. Syndromic surveillance help to early detect the outbreak from different sources to rapid disease prevention response. Laboratory-confirmed surveillance necessary to scope the area of surveillance and make the control measure more effective.– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
I will choose Ongoing, Real-Time Dissemination Tools because in this crisis situation, the fast and real-time information is needed. More rapid intervention and response can help the disease prevention and control have more efficiency and productivity. -
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– How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
The goals of infectious disease surveillance, according to a paper by Jillian Murray, are (1) to describe the current and epidemiology of the disease, (2) to monitor trends, (3) to identify an outbreak of the disease.
We can use this principle to the COVID-19 pandemics.
First, describing the burden and epidemiology of COVID 19. This is a helpful application in a new disease pandemic that we did not have a clue about before. It can help understand the disease and find a way to control and treat the disease.
Second, infectious disease surveillance is used to monitor trends of the disease. This is an important application after we have basic knowledge of the disease. It is also used for evaluating a protocol for controlling the disease.
Third, a key aspect of infectious disease control is a tool for monitoring outbreaks of disease. Because of the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. Monitoring a disease outbreak can reduce the cost of closing unnecessary areas that do not affect by COVID-19– Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
We should apply both methods to surveillance of the disease. In passive surveillance system, health professionals in the area report disease to the public health agencies. This method uses less personnel and cost than the active surveillance system. The passive surveillance system can use in these situations (1) Rural areas where the disease rarely occurs, an area with low population density (2) Can be used in an area with limited health profession personnel and cost. (3) COVID-19 is a notifiable disease and according to current Thai law, COVID-19 patients always report to the health authority.
The active surveillance system requires public health staff to engage and actively find patients in the community. Active surveillance system aims to detect every case. This situation is requiring significant human and financial resources. Active surveillance can use in this situation. (1) A new outbreak of a disease (2) Routine disease screening in important areas such as factory, market, high population density area.– Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
I will use both community and medical facility method for COVID-19 surveillance. Medical facility method is using with a new case detected at the hospital. Community method is using with a new case in community setting. Rapid ATK test in community is well fitted with community method.
Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
Population based will use at nation and province level which is not fit for identify individual case. Sentinel method will use in a new cluster area.
Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Case-based can identify new cases based on index case Aggregated surveillance can use in the population-based method.
Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
The laboratory-confirmed method can be more helpful than the syndromic method. Because the syndromic method case is confused with other diseases that have the same symptom.
– What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose/these tools?
I will choose an ongoing, real-time dissemination tool. Because COVID-19 is an important pandemic disease with a rapid pace of infectivity. This method can implement to the current situation very well. But the quality of data can be a concern. -
How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
First, COVID-19 surveillance describes the burden and epidemiology of the disease (i.e., age distribution, infected area, gender, etc.) which helps us to identify the characteristics the might associated with the disease. And that can narrow the target that advocating for the intervention (such as vaccination). Secondly, the surveillance is also monitoring the results of intervention, helping us to determine the best intervention for COVID-19. Lastly, the surveillance is able to detect the early outbreak so we can immediately take an action.Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
In my point of view, I prefer the combination of active and passive surveillance. Active surveillance has advantage of complete and reliable data, but it comes with the massive of workload and cost. On the other hand, passive surveillance is likely to missing the data (underestimate) because only disease with burdensome symptoms will cause the patient to the hospital and vice versa. If we deploy the active and passive surveillance in the right time and scenario, I believe that this will utilize the pros and minimize the cons of both types of surveillance. For instance, we conduct the passive surveillance in the daily basis. if we detect any outbreak signals, we will deploy the active surveillance.Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
Community-based surveillance is better than identifying cases in hospitals. The cases with no or mild symptoms are less likely to seek the treatment at the medical facilities. Plus, there are situation that the cases are not able to go to the hospital.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
Population-based surveillance is better than sentinel surveillance in term of case identification because the sentinel surveillance gathers data form single or small number of health facilities, whereas population-based surveillance receives data from the whole country.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Case-based surveillance do a better job on identifying cases than aggregate surveillance. Case-based surveillance comprise more details in individual-level data.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
When it come to case identification, laboratory-confirmed surveillance seems more promising than syndromic surveillance. Syndromic surveillance identifies the cases without laboratory confirmation, which make this surveillance less reliable than the other.What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
According to the current outbreaking COVID-19 situation in Thailand, I convince that Real-time dissemination tools are the best candidate for this scenario because it disseminates the surveillance information in real-time which ease to make a decision in this outbreak situation. Moreover, we can monitor the outbreak signals in real-time and immediately take an action. -
1. How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
– The surveillance can help us understand more about nature of COVID19, including its burden(infection rate and death rate),epidemiology, pathogenesis that could help improve quality of protection and treatments.
– The surveillance can help us understand the trends of COVID19 that help us understand the effects of intervention, including vaccination, government policy (lock down), and drug administration (Favipiravir), These information can help us improve in managing the situation.
– The surveillance can also help us to detect new wave of outbreak and existing of new strain of COVID192. Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
– In my opinion, we should conduct bot active and passive in parallel. On the one hand, We will gain more accurate information from passive surveillance that is essential to start any important policy. On the other hand, active surveillance can detect the COVID19 outbreak more quickly and more comprehensive that help us improve better prediction and planning. We should apply both type of surveillance, while balancing our resources to gain maximum benefits.3. Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
Cases in medical facilities VS community
– Both medical facilities and community case should be implement in the COVID19 Outbreak. COVID19 infected can get variety of severity from fetal to no symptoms. Medical facilities can gather more data from severe patient to provide more insight. But ,for mild cases, community cases should be performed to detect the outbreak at early stage.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
– Population-based surveillance is necessary to deal with COVID19 outbreak. COVID19, nowadays, is a world-wide problems that significantly affect in all aspects. We should apply population-based surveillance to gather as much data as we can to manage the situation.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
– Both types should be applied to the COVID19 outbreak. Case-based surveillance provide us more specific details that can be used in many aspects, such as specific places, specific risk group and also about treatment. But aggregated surveillance is also necessary to understand an overview of outbreak and to understand a big trend and intervention’s outcomes.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
– Syndromic surveillance can help us detect the outbreak earlier, while laboratory-confirmed surveillance provide more accurate information. We should apply both types together to get better accuracy and timeliness.4. What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
– COVID19 is very contagious disease that significantly affect countries. Real-time dissemination must be implemented to provide accurate and up-to-date data that can help in early detection and early protection. To delay dissemination can cause a huge negative effect to the country. -
1.How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
Surveillance disease is an important tool helps us to detect and monitor outbreak diseases and intervention that we provided. this tool let us detect and response to the outbreak diseases rapidly
2.Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
We should conduct both active and passive surveillance because even we need to spend huge amount of money and use more people in active surveillance, anyway active surveillance gives us more accuracy data. If we use active surveillance in the proper time along with Passive surveillance, it will be worthy and provide a lot of benefits.
3.Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
3.1 Cases in medical facilities VS community : Both medical facilities and community. Of course that we need to identify medical facilities cases and they will lead to identify community cases.
3.2 Sentinel VS population-based surveillance : Population based surveillance should be conducted in covid-19 situation. Because covid=19 is kind of pandemic outbreak that we need as much as data to monitor and management level.
3.3 Case-based VS aggregated surveillance : Case-based surveillance is proper in term of gathering specific data but for the overview and management in country level, aggregated surveillance is more suitable.
3.4 Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance : Syndromic is the first sign that let us early detect the disease. But in case of covid-19, Lab-confirmed case is needed to make sure that we won’t confuse with other diseases.
4. What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate COVID-19 surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?Real-time dissemination is the most appropriate tool in this covid-19 situation because we need to know what’s going on and can make a proper decision or policy .
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