1. What are possible reasons locations in epidemiological research have not been incorporated as much as other components in epidemiological research? How can spatial epidemiology be considered as an interdisciplinary science?

In epidemiological research, there is limited incorporation of location data which may be due to several factors. The use of spatial information in data analysis may often be perceived as a complex process. But today’s technology improvements might reduce those complexities and make it more accessible to utilize spatial information.
Another challenge is that patient data comes with a private and sensitive nature including location data. Recording the precise location of an individual may potentially compromise their privacy of them and it is important to be cautious when utilizing such information. Furthermore, certain regions vary in data recording practices which need serious attention to ensure the quality of the location data.
We can consider spatial epidemiology an interdisciplinary science because it relies on knowledge from multiple fields. It needs to have a comprehensive understanding of epidemiology, geography, and statistics to utilize spatial epidemiology effectively. So it needs to comprehend the epidemiology of diseases, understand geographical concepts, and employ statistical methods for analysis.

2. Explain why it is widely recognized that the place where an individual lives or works should be considered a potential disease determinant and give some examples?

Recognizing an individual’s living or working environment as a potentially disease-determining factor is important. Environmental factors play an important role in disease transmission as in the case of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. Environmental conditions have a significant influence on the habitats of disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Understanding location and environmental factors is important in implementing suitable interventions as different mosquito species transmit distinct diseases.
Furthermore, different locations or areas have different access to healthcare services. It is more prominent in rural or remote areas. We can adjust or adapt healthcare interventions to be effective by understanding the environmental and geographical aspects of these areas. For example, remote areas may have more challenges accessing healthcare services. It is highlighted that we need to consider the place of residence or work as a determinant of disease outcomes.