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In my opinion think that the external variables that might influence an individuals perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology are:
Fist of all, I do agree with the input from our student as above such as age, education, level of technology (complexity of technology) etc.
To add, I think that personalization and connectivity would be the external variable that might influence the individual perception.
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In my opinion thin that the potential confounder between that young adults had the most active contact pattern than other age groups is the level of education because they is more likely to have a chance to learn (from school, social, media) what is the contact tracing system, beneficial of the use than the other group.
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No. 01, Page 340:
“The P value is the probability that the test hypothesis is true; for example, if a test of the null hypothesis gave P = 0.01, the null hypothesis has only a 1 % chance of being true; if instead it gave P = 0.40, the null hypothesis has a 40 % chance of being true.”In my opinion, the P-values don’t tell the probability that a result is true, but it merely is the outcome of a statistical test. The lower of the p-value is the greater of the statistical significance of the observed difference.
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My background is the Medical technologist and have experienced in the field of Medical laboratory, Medical research laboratory and Laboratory Quality Management System which required and used a basic statistics knowledge and skill.
I’ve been applied the statistics to my work in designing and collecting the data but mostly were the basic level such as mean, median, SD, CV. After collecting the data, we will have the statistician to analyze the data.
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Mortality rate
Definition:
Mortality Rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. There are several types of mortality rate, each providing us with different data and informing us of the risks associated with various states. The main ones are:
• Crude mortality rate – The most general type as it refers to all causes of death. Generally, it’s used to compare the living conditions of certain periods or populations as it’s been found that death rates decrease in developed countries. It also tells us what factors are especially crucial to our well-being.
• Specific death rates – These can be age, cause, race, or sex-specific. They provide more detailed data, allowing us to focus on reducing the impact of the most deadly factors, for instance, by producing vaccines.
• Infant, post neonatal, and neonatal mortality rates – These are particular age-specific cases. They cover different time intervals:
o Neonatal – From birth up to the first 28 days (excluding exactly 28 days);
o Post neonatal – From 28 days of age up to 1 year of age (excluding exactly 1 year);
o Infant – A sum of the above two, so it covers the time from birth up to 1 year (excluding exactly 1 year).• Maternal death rate – Another specific type as it deals only with women deceased during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination. It may be tricky to calculate as it excludes deaths caused by incidents unrelated to this state. It’s another way of comparing the medical development of countries or periods; it also tells us what conditions may increase risks related to childbirth (e.g., age).
• Combined mortality rate – A mixture of the specific rates often used in research. An instance could be the breast cancer mortality rate among women aged 35-79. This is age, cause, and sex-specific.
• Age-adjusted death rate – A standardized and more objective rate. Mortality increases with age, so if we simply compared an older society (such as Japanese with a median age of 48.6) with a younger one (e.g., the USA with a median age of 38.1), we’d find that the former has higher mortality rate. To eliminate such distortions, the values are adjusted using various statistical techniques, resulting in the age-adjusted death rate.
Calculation:
The crude death rate formula can be expressed as:
death rate = deaths / population * 10n,
where,
deaths – Deaths measured within specified time interval for a certain population;
n – The exponent and gives you the answer per every 10n people.Infant mortality rate calculation:
infant mortality rate = deaths among children / live births * 10n,
where both deaths among children and live births are measured within the same time period. This formula is valid for infant, post neonatal, and neonatal mortality rates.Maternal mortality ratio calculation:
maternal mortality rate = deaths during pregnancy / live births * 10n,
where both variables are measured over the same time interval, and deaths during pregnancy include those that happened within 42 days of its termination.Main usefulness:
The mortality rate is used mainly in epidemiology. It helps estimate the mortality risk, identifies potential threats, and gives statistics about the population. -
I don’t have any experience about machine learning. It’s very interesting topic to know about machine learning model.
The current situation of COVID-19 in Thailand is not good, there are many new cases per day and deaths as well. In my opinion think that this model from the article would not fit with this situation because there are many factors that should be considered such as a who was diagnoses with no any symptoms, or who got vaccine. Other reason is that the sensitivity and specificity of this model is still low compare to the available method and the rapid diagnosis test is available which would more effectiveness than the machine learning model.
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Thank you for the presentation.
1. I would consider to solve the cause of the problem, not only for the group which may help us to solve problem in all group.
2. Improving the quality of vital statistics will be of inestimable value to public health decision-makers. It will greatly increase confidence in the data, and thereby facilitate and promote the use of mortality and cause of-death statistics to ensure that resource allocation is evidence informed, and focuses on interventions most needed to improve overall population health levels. -
Thank you for your presentation.
1. To convince people to use EMR, I think the 1st one is that the policy from the leadership, and should have the team to monitor to measure and evaluate the status and the gaps for continuing improvement.
2. To sustain the EMR system, I think we should consider about budget, training, support and human resource.
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1# It was good to use the QR code for reporting and using for tracing the patient, but as you mentioned that it was not.
They should have some program or monitoring program that allow to track the patient information from registration, laboratory testing, diagnosis and treatment that can connect everywhere and follow-up the the patient e.g., appointment.
From this, you will have all data for each patient with the time stamp. Moreover, the each system allows to share and can connect together.
2# the uses, it helps to follow up the patient especially for the MDR cases where will support the decision making to response for any case require intervention or control program.
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Thank you for a good presentation, I personal think that we (every organization) have their own method/ mechanism to collect or to use the data for making the decision for each purpose. In general, I think that they use the facility-base routinely data collection for analysis but they would have another system to collect more data such as do the research/ survey to for information which would increase more confident for make a decision. Another factor is that the budget, it is very important.
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Thank you for a good presentation, I personal think that we (every organization) have their own method/ mechanism to collect or to use the data for making the decision for each purpose. In general, I think that they use the facility-base routinely data collection for analysis but they would have another system to collect more data such as do the research/ survey to for information which would increase more confident for make a decision. Another factor is that the budget, it is very important.
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1 # In my opinion, I do agree that we should think about architecture at the 1st stage when we want to create something, but I strongly think that it should come together or with other requirements as well where this should be added when do the conceptual.
2# I think the good architecture should be opened and be able to change or connect with other systems or devices to answer the demand in the future.
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HI, The malaria village morbidity file is located on Drive C:\QGIS_training\Westmalaria_project\Vector (it should be extracted and save to this drive/folder as week 1 practice).
I have tried to use both morbidity and incidence data and found that both files are okay.
I think you can use incidence or morbidity, but please wait for the response from teacher.
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In my experience, “WHONET” is best AMR surveillance system and use worldwide. If you are interesting this system, you can see more detail as link.
WHONET is a free desktop Windows application for the management and analysis of microbiology laboratory data with a particular focus on antimicrobial resistance surveillance developed and supported by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. WHONET, available in 28 languages, supports local, national, regional, and global surveillance efforts in over 2,300 hospital, public health, animal health, and food laboratories in over 130 countries worldwide. (https://whonet.org/)
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Great presentation 🙂
In my opinion, the different of these two surveillance systems are:
– the complexity of the system which in human system is much more complex that in the animal.
– group/ Target/ stakeholder
– Number of populationThe importance of animal disease surveillance e system in One Health Approach is the collaboration/ connection with other sectors; human, environment etc. and another issue is the system operability that allow to share the data with others.
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Thank for your presentation and I‘ve learnt about the concept of blockchain.
I didn’t know much about blockchain, but I think that Thailand still needs a lot to improvement in applying the EMR especially in the small Heathcare/ hospital. But I’ve seen in many private hospitals used the EMR and I am sure what system they use.
In my opinion, I think that NUMBER of applying the blockchain in EMR in Thailand is still small and limit which might have some mechanism or acceptance criteria such as cost, knowledge and facility.
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Kindly find the dashboard COVID-19 that I have created as following link: https://tinyurl.com/422anxs2
Based on the data that we have extracted which provided from our course, there are two pages that I have created to present the situation of COVID-19 cases reported in two levels; Global and Thailand-Border.
The dashboard (two pages) is contained various of chart types; Bar type, line type, Funnel type, Scatter type, table, slicer, card type and map type. All these chart types were used to present the number of confirmed, deaths and recovered cases, and can see the trend of number of confirmed cases vs recovered cases in global level, and also present in the region level where focus on the Thailand-border. Moreover, I also created the chart to present number of confirmed cases with the forecast for Thailand.
From my opinion, I think this could be help and support the decision making level if they look at the dashboard and would give some information/data for providing any intervention for controlling the COVID-19 transmission.
This would be good if I ask everyone to view my created dashboard and provide some comments/feedbacks?
Thank you 🙂
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Kindly find my created dashboard as link: https://tinyurl.com/yp9ppdve
Dashboard that I have created, it contained various types of chart; column, line, Funnel, scatter, donut, map, Sparkline and sunburst to present the COVID-19 cases report which include of confirmed, deaths and recovered cases and other data such as GDP and population by separated in 3 tabs (Global, Thai-border, Thailand).
The reason that I use to create into 3 types/pages because I think this would be useful for those who are looking the data and can compare with all situation; global-border- in country (Thailand)to support them for make a decision.Please note that the data for recovered cases of Thailand was missing from 23-03-2021. So, the graph/chart that present would not correct. Can everyone notice this?
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I also created the short link as below:
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Kindly find my COVID-19 Cases Report as link:
My dashboard that I have created is contained of the COVID-19 cases report; confirmed, death and recovered cases where allowed to view the daily and total cases reported globally and allowed to view in country that you would like to see in graph format and number format. Moreover, it also allows to view the number of population, GDP and the information of each countries.
I think this is not a perfect one, but it provides enough information and support for who are in the decision making level to take any intervention action if needed.
Note: The dashboard that I have created is quite simple, and use the basic functions; table chart, matrix and slicer.
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Link: https://againstcovid19.com/singapore/dashboard
This dashboard is created by UPCODE ACADEMY. There are only 5 countries (Singapore, India, Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan) available/ lunched.
The country that I picked for discussion is “Singapore” as link.
What I like in this dashboard:
– Ways to presentation that provided information and easily to understand which contains qualitative and quantitative details where they use e.g.,
o Calendar for select the time that you may want to see (duration)
o Number to present number of total cases, active cases, decreased, discharge
o Graphs:
– Combination of histogram and line charts to present the trend of cases
– Donut chart with number in table to show the proportion (angle and length) to present each data that they would
like to present, breakdown, nationality, infection sources,
– Map (area) that present the area and number of cases including the identified clusters
– Statistic; gender, age,
– Case report (each case) information
– Dashboard design
o Display the most important and useful information, easily and save the user time to view.
o Type of chart (2-D) and color that helping the user to catch-up
o Tools for review and select each data/ information, calendar
– Web site performance; server, Link, connection; fast and smooth when you are online.What I don’t like in this dashboard:
– It does not provide daily case report/information
– It does not provide source of data/ reference which present reliability of data (should come from or link with government database) -
Please see my wrap-up assignment as link: https://prnt.sc/13m7mbj
Responsible Conduct of Research
– Research Ethics
o Research behavior viewed from the perspective of moral principle– Research Integrity
o Research behavior viewed from the perspective of professional standards
o Means conducting research in such a way that allows others to have confidence and trust in the methods and the findings of the research. It relates both to the scientific integrity of conducted research and to the professional integrity of researchers
o Research misconduct
Data Falsification
• Correct the data/ Publish false data
Data Fabrication
• Makeup the data that have not been done
Plagiarism
• Copying somebody’s work and presenting it as your own
Altering result in the knowledge of allocation
Example of types of misconduct:
• Over-interpretation of significant finding in small trials
• Selective reporting based on p-values
• Selective reporting of outcomes in the abstract
– Double publication: acceptance criteria
o Intended for a different group of readers
o Editors of both journals know and accept the double publication
o Clearly indicate the secondary publication
o Publication interval at least 1 week
o Reflect the data and interpretation of the primary version
o Provide footnote on the title page indicated the secondary version
o Permission for such secondary publication should be free of charge
– Authorship Rule
o Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
o Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
o Final approval of the version to be published; AND
o Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved
– Topic discussion:
– We were discussed about case study that Dr. A and his team published the paper in an Epidemiology journal of Thailand (in Thai language). Many people said that they should have submitted the manuscript to an international journal, as these results would be of interest to people in other countries.
– Dr. A and team then translated this published manuscript into English and submitted the manuscript to another international journal.
– Is this called plagiarism? “No” but thinking about self/ auto-plagiarism
– Is it okay for Dr.A and team to publish the same results and methodology in another journal (double publication) why? “yes” and “No”. Both editors from 1st and 2nd journals must be accepted.
– Are there any situations where double publication is acceptable? see above “Double publication: acceptance criteria”
– In your opinion, what is/are the main characteristics/ roles of first author and/or corresponding author? “who takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the manuscript submission, peer review, and publication process, and typically ensures that all the journal’s administrative requirements, such as providing details of authorship, ethics committee approval, clinical trial registration documentation, and gathering conflict of interest forms and statements, are properly completed, although these duties may be delegated to one or more coauthors”
– Examples of authorships -
This week, we have been learnt about code of ethics for health information professionals, special lecture from Asst. Prof. Sotarat Thammaboosadee on personal health information concerns of PDPA and discussion on the provided case studies:
– Doorstep Dispensaree Ltd. (Pharmacy),
– Cork University Maternity Hospital (Cork hospital fined €65k after patients’ personal data found in public recycling facility) and,
– Health Ministry of Brazi (Brazil’s Health Ministry’s Data Leak Exposed 243 Million Medical Records for More Than 6 Months)
It was summarized that the patient data was breached according to the poor storage system and did not comply with the requirements of GDPR for both case studies; Dorrstep Dispensaree and Cork University Maternity Hospital, and another one that Brazilian health records were breached according to the weak IT system (encoding technique) and did not comply with the requirements of GDPR.All participants were requested to share their experiences and questions. The followings are the example that they have been shared:
– Patient data/result was captured and shared on social media by the medical student.
– How to increase awareness of health workers who are working with personal data.
– International research; using or collecting patient data
– Patient data sharing by Doctor and nurse using mobile application; Line for medical care communication
– HIS system did not comply with PDPA
– Banking notice
– Data exchange: “Thai Refer” application for referral purpose
– Cookies pop-up
– The punishment fine rate between private and public sectors
– Blackmail
– Loss of personal identifiable information
– Passcode on the sticky note
– How to initiate or implement about ROPA, template?
We also learnt that Thai-PDPA will be effective in July 2022. -
This week, we have been learnt and discussed about the benefits and risks/concerns of telemedicine. Same as week 1’s activities that all students were requested to review the provided articles and case study that will be used to share and discussion during the webinar meeting.
All students and other participants who joined this meeting had provided the answers and explanations about benefits and risks/concerns of telemedicine on the case study. The following lists are the example of answers from students.
Benefits:
– Reduce hospital workload
– Safer than use the drug by yourself
– Safe environment
– Save cost
– On demand service
– Cost
– Reduce the waiting line in hospital
– Fast and easy access to the medical professional
– Provide specialized consult
– Increase the effectiveness of access to treatment
– Save direct cost such as travel cost etc.
– No need to go to hospital
– Save time
– Easier to reach for medical services
– Access
Risk/Concerns:
– Doctor shopping
– Incorrect diagnosis/prescription
– Week doctor patient relationship
– Symptom may not improve
– Trust by patients and physician on the system
– Confidentiality
– Misdiagnosis
– Dealing with third party application provider
– Lack of physician examination data
– Easily misdiagnosis
– Technology/ data barrier
– Interoperability
– Could not give timely intervention to patient because of lack of physician examination
– Not enough physical examination for diagnosis
– Data breach
– Standard of care
– Acceptability of the patients
– Reimbursement
– Digital literacy of the usersWe all agreed that telemedicine brought many good things to support the medical health requirement in this era and the future. However, there were many concerns came up as well.
We also discussed about who should be responsible/accountable for this incidence (study case)? Yes, we all think that all of them; doctor, patient, and provider should response on this incident but in different responsibilities according their roles.
The webinar meeting was ended with the discussion about what could be the best solution/ mitigation in handling such ethical and legal concerns? Here below are the answers from students:
– Provide a guideline for patient and physician
– Patient consent form
– Transparency and informed consent
– Cleary defines in Law
– Patient must be informed beforehand about limitation of telemedicine
– Competence of health professional
– Proper protocol for telemedicine practice
– Workshops & policies > laws, regulations > standard operating procedures
– Patient must understand the risk and doctor will understand the system
– Consent form
– Provide official consent form that give all of benefits and limitations to patient before service
In my opinion, I would summarize that telemedicine will increase the accessibility of health care in-term of quality of service, timely, cost and will change the medical practice in the future as well (more or less in some way). However, it could not replace or use for all medical care. There are many concerns that should be clearly addressed before approving to use in each country and should be considered about ethical and laws/regulation. -
The seminar began with explaining the course objectives and summarizing the contents of the article: AI system for COVID-19 Diagnosis that assigned to students to read and watch the VDO clip presented by Prof. Reidar K. Lie, on Responsible Research and Innovation.
All students who participated this webinar meeting were requested to provide the answers and explanations about the benefits, risks, and concerns in applying AI system for COVID-19 Diagnosis as followings:
– Benefits: improved diagnosis (detection, accuracy), Reduce workload, Reduce cost
– Risks: Bias, Quality of data set (Size, sampling) that use in developing the AI, Confidentiality, and privacy
– Concerns: Unemployed, Ethics
During the discussion, all participants were requested to vote and provide the explanation that would this project be justified as risk-benefit VS. precaution (Better safe than sorry)? 75% of the vote justified this AI system as benefit but there were some concerns as mentioned, and about 80% of students think that this AI system can be applied to other diseases. -
Dear Auswin,
You did a great job and cover all requirements. I have reviewed your CRF and kindly find my comments as below;
1. Date: the format to enter the data is good but you can specify the format like “dd-MMM-YYYY instead of (ex. 30 – JAN – 2020)
2. Time: the format to enter the data is good but you can specify the format like ” HH:MM in 24 Hrs format instead of (ex. 23.30)3. Age: it is redundant where you have created both at the screening and enrollment visit
4. Laboratory: Should add the check box for not done for HAI titer;
24. A/H1N1 Antibody titer 1 : ………………..
25. A/H3N2 Antibody titer 1 : ………………..
26. B/Yamagata Antibody titer 1 : ………………..
5. SOLICITED REACTION; It would be better to add the level of severity such as mind, moderate, severe including the date of symptom is occurred and ended.
6. The summary of eligibility check should be add on the eligibility section. -
You did a great job. Kindly find my comments as below which I think that it should be added for these two visits of the CRF:
1. Site ID or Group should be add on the subject ID e.g., 1-001.
2. Date of visit was missing.
3. Date of consent was missing.
4. Demographic data should be added such as DOB, Age, Sex and Race.
5. Physical examination was missing such as Height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature.
6. The [ ] check box for body temperature was missing (if you could specify the decimal would be perfect)
7. Pregnancy test should have check box [ ] for not done (ND.
8. Should have the question to check/summarize that Is the participant eligible to take part in this study?
9. Date of blood collection and time was missing.
10. The check box for HAI result should add more boxes 1:[ ][ ][ ][ ] or the check box should be bigger because the titer could be up to 1024, and should have check box for not done (ND).
11. Date and time of vaccination was missing.
12. The reactions (local/systemic) should be the checkbox for each reaction to avoid the quality of hand writing.
13. AE/SAE should be added. -
There are many benefits of having data standards for clinical research. For my understanding, the simple word that I could say is that it is helped and provided the guideline/ rule/ structure for who would like to do the clinical research to understand the same picture. The examples of having a standard are:
• They enable transparency and understanding: use of standards promotes common, clear meanings for data that is often reused
• They enable access: the same well understood terms, codes, and data structures can be used for data retrieval
• They enable future integration of clinical studies
• Reduce costs
(some of example are the same as other student have mentioned). -
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I would say that you are the one who have a great skill in creating the dashboard by using the type of chart, function to view the information and a great arranging the position of each variable and pages. another one is that using the purple (light) on the background that made the dashboard look cool.
But I think you should check the version, pages that should be submitted or present. I guess your final version is the one you would like submit. (Am i correct?)
GREAT! 🙂
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I do like the dashboard of the WHO as well because it’s very informative which provide pro and con (depend on the purpose of them to present) where the Pro is to provide all information for globally and allow user to see the global situation and their function to view each information. For the Con, I think that it is not good to view for individual country.
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