Ashaya.i

[Ashaya.i]

Since my topic of interest is focusing the effect of COVID-19 vaccine along with pneumococcal vaccine for COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia coinfection. The intervention of this model should be the allocation of those vaccines to the susceptible person especially in children and elderly. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing pneumococcal disease (World Health Organization, 2019).

Also, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults receive the pneumococcal conjugate (PVC) vaccine and the influenza vaccine to boost immunity following a COVID-19 vaccination program, although at least 2–4 weeks should pass before receiving these additional vaccines. Therefore, adults and children—especially those with underlying health conditions—the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems should receive all vaccinations as scheduled. Adult vaccines, such as the pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine, are highly recommended to prevent disease and to reduce the likelihood of developing serious symptoms. Annual outbreaks of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) or influenza cause damage to the tissue of the respiratory system, which weakens it and places it at greater risk of complications arising from bacterial infections. Up to 59.5% of COVID-19 infections in China have been found to involve complications associated with pneumococcal infections (from a study of 257 COVID-19 patients in Jiangsu province carried out between 22 January to 2 February 2020).

However, as part of a nationwide effort to address vaccine-preventable disease, Thailand initiated the National Expanded Programs of Immunization (NEPI), PCVs are not included in the NEPI as of July 2020 (Gamil et al, 2021). If PCVs could be included in the NEPI, it would probably benefit Thai public health. These decisions require that policymakers weigh the costs of vaccination against the incidence of disease in addition to other factors, including the efficacy and safety of vaccines, public health priorities, and logistic issues (Pooripussarakul et al., 2016).

Reference:
– WHO(European Region). Guidance on routine immunization services during COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO European Region, 2020.
– นพ.ทรงภูมิ อธิภูกนก, ศ.พญ.กุลกัญญา โชคไพบูลย์กิจ. คำแนะนำการให้บริการวัคซีนในช่วงสถานการ์การระบาดของโรคติดเชื้อไวรัสโคโรนา 2019 (COVID-19). สมาคมโรคติดเชื้อแห่งประเทศไทยและสมาคมโรคติดเชื้อในเด็กแห่งประเทศไทย. 2020; 1-5
– Gamil et al., 2021. Pneumococcal disease in Thailand. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Volume 102, January 2021, Pages 429-436
– Zhu X, et al. Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases. Virus Res. 2020;285:198005
– S. Pooripussarakul, A. Riewpaiboon, D. Bishai, C. Muangchana, S. Tantivess
What criteria do decision makers in Thailand use to set priorities for vaccine introduction? BMC Public Health, 16 (2016), p. 684

[Ashaya.i]

I would like to use SIR model to the study the dynamics of COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia coinfection in Thailand. S. Ansari et al. stated that bacterial or fungal coinfections are unlikely to be common in patients with mild COVID-19 when compared with those with more severe disease upon admission to the hospital. According to R. Kumar et al, the study of coinfections in a pandemic situation such as COVID-19 has become imperative due to the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. To reduce the risk of co-infection along with a COVID-19 infection, such as influenza and pneumococcus, adults and children—especially those with underlying health conditions—the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems should receive all vaccinations as scheduled. Therefore, study of the dynamics of COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia coinfection is necessary to the effective patient management and treatment plan.

The parameters of this model can be included;
Λ: recruitment rate of susceptible population.
µ: natural death rate.
α: transmission rate of COVID-19.
γ: recovery rate of people infected with COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia coinfection
δ: death rate of COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia coinfection-induced
σ: rate of loss of immunity against COVID-19 infection
θ: rate of loss of immunity against pneumococcal pneumonia
Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.13265

[Ashaya.i]

I am interested in a mathematical model to study the coinfection dynamics of COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia with community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia infections in Thailand. And also focusing on vaccination and hospital care intervention.
Here are the related articles;

https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.13265
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0082709

[Ashaya.i]

Hi everyone,
Here is my dashboard: https://tinyurl.com/2p9ah2e4

This dashboard shows the situation of COVID-19 at the present day. It contains the confirmed cases, recovered case, and death cases in each country and region. You can see that the theme of this dashboard is the dark theme and I use hot tone to show that how serious of the situation these day. I also use the line chart to show the trend of cumulative confirmed cases, recovered cases, and death cases by date.

[Ashaya.i]

Hi everyone,
You can access my report via link: https://tinyurl.com/yv3j8nk6

The report shows the data by time, country, continent in the daily confirmed basis by using different types of chart.
In the sparkline page, it shows the top 5 of country that have the most daily confirmed cases.
In the last page, scatter plot chart shows the cumulative death cases and recovered cases to represent about how severe of the disease and how well each country cope with Covid-19 cases in their country.

[Ashaya.i]

Pro: can comprehensively collected of the data without missing some details that may useful for diagnosis.
Cons: Difficult to analyze, easy to misunderstand, misread.

[Ashaya.i]

Hi everyone,
You can access my report via link https://tinyurl.com/3dbzk9h8

This report shows the confirmed cases, recovered cases, and death cases of COVID-19 per million by country and also shows the GDP of each country. By doing so, we can see some differences of high GDP country and COVID-19 cases and estimate the capability to encounter with the COVID-19 situation in each country.

[Ashaya.i]

https://nssac.bii.virginia.edu/covid-19/dashboard/

This dashboard created by University of Virginia. It is very comprehensive and cover the active cases, death cases, including vaccine coverage in each country.

The dashboard shows the world map and represent the number of cases in each region divided by color and also demonstrates the analytics data, bar chart, and the data table that easy to understand and use for further analysis. It is comprehensive and it covers the useful information that user can sort the information of interest easily. Set of color that used in this dashboard is friendly for colorblind people to distinguish.

However, the proportion of confirmed cases and deaths cases of some regions in the stacked bar chart make us see only the visualization of confirmed cases (the red one) so we need to consider with the number that show in the chart concurrently.

[Ashaya.i]

Your CRF is very comprehensive and clear. I like the way you provide the choice of units because each study site may use different unit of measurement.

Thank you.

[Ashaya.i]

I agree with all the classmates about the points that data standards enabling the standard language to make all stakeholders understand each other and can create more efficient studies with higher quality data. Moreover, data standards facilitate the demonstration of traceability of data which benefit for further analyses.

[Ashaya.i]

My main responsibilities are implementation of routine clinical data management process including data entry, data quality checking, and preparation of eCRF. I use REDCap to conduct all of those activities. Also, I have to manage the access control level of each user according to their roles and follow all of data management process.

[Ashaya.i]

In “pregnancy test”, we should provide the choice “Not Applicable” or “not done” in case of the subject is male or in any other conditions, to prevent leaving the question blank in the CRF and ensure validity of the data.

[Ashaya.i]

Since I’m working as a Clinical Data Associate, I have to complete all the steps of data management workflow. However, some point that I’ve missed and need to emphasize more is about developing data management plan. I should make the DMP to be the best practice and also develop the DMP template for my organization to ensure how well the data is handled and organized throughout the entire project.

[Ashaya.i]

I collected the data for my research project during my bachelor degree. Primary and secondary data were collected by creating a questionnaire (paper-based) and collecting data from hospital information system. Some problems that occurred from data collection, for primary data, it is about gathering the questionnaire and missing of some data. For secondary data, the existing data may not match well with the objective of the study so we need to gather and identify it carefully.

[Ashaya.i]

Please find my wrap up here
https://prnt.sc/FKyaVySQmvCD

Thank you.

[Ashaya.i]

Please kindly check my wrap up on the link below;
https://prnt.sc/iUf0pANPVbtx

Thank you.

[Ashaya.i]

Hello,
Please kindly see my wrap-up this week;
https://prnt.sc/knK9U_kW-Fnj

Thank you.

[Ashaya.i]

Hi! Please see my attached:

or click this link: https://prnt.sc/S6gqQ8yQUy2h

[Ashaya.i]

I am much more familiar with Frequentist than Bayesian. Considering between Frequentist vs Bayesian depends on the main objective of the study so we need to completely understand what we need from the study. The frequentist is relied on frequencies of events, meanwhile the Bayesian is relied on our knowledge of events. I think the concept of Bayesian is interesting because it is very new to me.

[Ashaya.i]

Hi, my name is Ashara. Currently, I’m a clinical data associate at Chula Clinical Research Center. My roles are related to data collection, recording and analysis including development and management of Case Record Forms (CRF), database design, data entry, generating and following queries. I have some basic knowledge about statistics to prepare the clinical data as complete as possible for further statistical analysis. Since I just started working in this position not too long, I need to gain more knowledge about statistics to apply to my work and expand my experience effectively.

[Ashaya.i]

Combination of non-identifiable data that would be able to identify me;
Age, Sex, Workplace, and Job position

[Ashaya.i]

In order to figure out why respondents are not use bed nets, focus group participants who do not use bed nets and structured interview should be conducted. The question should be included their knowledge, attitude, belief, environment, and socioeconomic status that can be affected to their bed nets using behavior.

[Ashaya.i]

New technology should better than the old one in the aspect of usefulness, user friendly, serve the user needs, accuracy and reliability of that particular technology.

[Ashaya.i]

The external variables that might influence the perceived ease of use or perceived usefulness of a new technology could be
1) User friendly of that particular technology
2) Income status
3) Media and advertising
4) Social influence
5) Reinforcement from the organization
6) Trustworthy of the system

[Ashaya.i]

Efficacy means getting things done (is it working?)
Effectiveness means doing the proper things (is it actually working well?)
Efficiency means doing things right (is it working within the most economical way?)

[Ashaya.i]

I think mental health status can be a confounder of this contact pattern. Younger people tend to have ‘fresher’ in mind to go out to do an active lifestyle than older people who may don’t want to contact with other people according to their mental health status.

[Ashaya.i]

Thailand’s policy on universal health coverage (UHC) create the coverage in healthcare towards Thai population at all stages of life. This policy provide the essential care to prevent, cure, and rehabilitate of the disease. The challenges of this scheme is enhancing the sustain policy to make the efficient, equitable and effective UHC. Besides, resource allocation should be carefully prioritized as well as promoting available care in all healthcare unit.

[Ashaya.i]

According to my role as a person who work with clinical data, the four principles of biomedical ethics should be followed especially beneficence and non-maleficence principles. We must act in a way that benefits and avoid harm to patient. Moreover, during COVID-19 situation, follow the organization policy such as wearing a mask, keep distancing to others, avoid unnecessary travelling and get vaccination to prevent the transmission of the disease are the regulation that should be concerned.

[Ashaya.i]

INFANT MORTALITY RATE
1. Definition
INFANT MORTALITY RATE is the number of resident newborns in a specified geographic
area (country, state, county, etc.) dying under one year of age divided by the number of resident
live births for the same geographic area (for a specified time period, usually a calendar year) and
multiplied by 1,000.

2. How to calculate each vital statistic?
(Number of resident infant deaths/Number of resident live births) x 1,000

3. What are the main usefulness of each vital statistic?
High infant mortality rates are generally indicative of unmet human health needs in sanitation, medical care, nutrition, and education. The infant mortality rate is an age-specific ratio used by epidemiologists, demographers, physicians, and social scientists to better understand the extent and causes of infant deaths.

[Ashaya.i]

In my opinion, health informatics workforce in Thailand still be in the developing process. Values of health informatics do not fully emphasize. There is lacking of health informatics professional to balance the workload between IT personnel and healthcare personnel. Moreover, the roles and responsibilities of health informatician may be unclear. The challenges including how to apply the multidisciplinary knowledge and personnel to solve the health informatics issue and also how to allocate the necessary resources such as manpower, money, equipment, etc. to use in the healthcare setting.

[Ashaya.i]

Since health data sharing can advance medical research and innovation, as a data setting person should definitely think about this issue. However, another point that should be concerned are the personal confidentiality and ethical issue. Data sharing should refer to the strong rules and regulations. Moreover, they need good governance to manage all of the data and make data sharing system reliable for people.

[Ashaya.i]

For the missing data issue, I think we need to understand all patterns of the data, identify characteristics of the data to determine the standard protocol and make an agreement with the team in terms of data collection.
In terms of data analysis and training, we need collaboration between researcher, statistician, or any other expertise, as others have said. Moreover, good clinical practice, PDPA, and privacy policy should be followed to develop the data security and conduct the research ethically.

[Ashaya.i]

From my experience, as a medical statistic officer, using EMR has many advantages. Back then staff need to go to medical record division to take the paper-based medical record folder by folder which is time-consumed and risk of loss of those medical record. Staff need to manage time to borrow the medical record in case of patient visit hospital at that time. In the limit of time, staffs need to review the patient data and record the medical code as fast as possible and it may cause some errors for those medical code. Using medical record makes staff no longer take the paper-based medical record in their hands, they can retrieve and review the patient’s data as in detailed as they can, according to the user’s authorization. These can reduce the risk of medical record’s losing and decrease the mistake in medical coding. On the other hands, EMR using may not quite user-friendly in some cases. Some of doctors do not familiar with EMR system tend to write the patient’s data by their handwriting and need the process to scan to the system again and cause duplication of work.

[Ashaya.i]

I agree with all four points that the author has recommended. Corruption is the challenging and formidable issue. According to organizational structure, policy makers and all stakeholders should make an agreement about the clear definition of corruption in the organization, which activities can be considered as ‘corruption’? and decide the punishment of any corruption activities. The strong policy dimension should be communicated to all employee and should be reviewed continuously to create the awareness. It seems so hard in practical way, but it’s crucial to have someone to lead and to be a role model to establish the corruption-free (or at least, decrease) organization.

[Ashaya.i]

Health Information Exchange (HIE) implementation is an example of health system improvement. In Thailand, there is a platform called ‘Health Link’ to connect and improve health data access in national level. Challenges and possible barriers that can affect the process may not only about financial, data interoperability and data security issues, but also the accessibility to the system. Health Link platform require smartphone or computer to access the system so this is an issue that this platform may not be able to access by some group of population and it can cause inequality.

Since HIE implementation has many advantages to the health system improvement in national level and may be extended to international level, establishing the stable and accessible system is the big challenge to develop the reliable and standardize health system.

[Ashaya.i]

To develop a disaster recovery plan, I think types of storage sites is one of the most important for effective disaster recovery plan. Physical data site to stored the hardcopies data should located away from any possible harm, fire and waterproof safe etc. For the virtual data storage, the data should be hosted in the cloud and managed by reliable third-party service providers. To develop disaster recovery plan for my organization, data replication may be more suitable due to the process of healthcare organization should continue running all the time to provide the seamless and effective patient care services.

[Ashaya.i]

If there is High Availability implementation in the HIS, it can promote the faster service, ensure the availability of the system when needed. That makes smoother workflow and create better quality of patient care.

[Ashaya.i]

I personally have never been experienced about not being able to preserve the CIA of the information system. Also, this issue is possible when there is unauthorized person attempt to access the system and alter the data. To prevent this issue, using access control, setting a strong password, and setting the policy to allow only authorized person to access the system should be implemented.

[Ashaya.i]

I also working in the private sector, I think there are some similarity and differences between private and government sector, here is my point of view;

Social: Social distancing strategy makes people keep more space between each other, the communication between each sector need to adapt to the situation. Some patient ward need to be spared in case of emergency situation.
Technologies: Patient tend to adopt more technology to take care their health. Healthcare provider need to provide and promote new technology to use in healthcare services such as telemedicine, health care application, that need more manpower and also knowledge training to proceed the project.
Environment: Due to social distancing strategy, uncrowded environment should be provided to increase the airflow and reduce the risk of disease transmission.
Economic: Hospital revenue has been decreasing due to the outbreak. Some health promotion activities need to postpone such as annual health check up or other procedures other than remedying health state which cause some clinic in the hospital need to be temporary closed. From these reason, resource allocation is the main topic that need to be considered along with strategic marketing plan.
Political: Hospital need to response the policy and plan according to government policy such as medical treatment expense, vaccine allocation etc.

[Ashaya.i]

Thank you for your presentation.
Application of Early Warning, Alert and Response System in the country is very helpful to early detect of the disease outbreak and also in the emergency situation. Moreover, it can create prompt response to any acute public health event.

Thank you again for sharing.

[Ashaya.i]

Thank you for your comprehensive presentation. Early detection of CKD is very crucial to prevent the progression and severity of the disease. When focusing on laboratory result as a suspected case, annual health check up program should be promoted to early detect of the disease and can be collected as a data to make the surveillance system have more coverage.

[Ashaya.i]

Thank you for your report.
I like the way you use the set of color and theme that very clear and easy to understand in the aspect of human perception. I can see the trend of daily confirmed cases clearly. This dashboard is very suitable for monitoring the COVID-19 situation all over the world in the present day.

Well done!

[Ashaya.i]

Hi Andrew,

I would say I should have more concern about identifiable information issue and adjust my CRF suitably.
Thank you for your suggestion, that’s very helpful!

[Ashaya.i]

Hi Fah,

Thank you for your comments, I think it is a good idea to separate the screening form and enrollment form. All of your comments are very helpful for me to improve my work. I also learn a lot from your CRF, it’s very comprehensive. Again, thank you for your suggestion!

[Ashaya.i]

During the pandemic, correct miscommunication and misunderstanding of people is very challenge task to stop misusing of the medicaments and decrease the effect on product stock management.

[Ashaya.i]

I change it already, thank you very much.

[Ashaya.i]

I agree with you about combining any other diseases to this surveillance system and this is very useful to develop further surveillance system. Thank you very much for your recommendation.

[Ashaya.i]

Thank you very much for your comment. For the data backup plan, of course the local healthcare facilities have a chance to be damaged by natural disaster or even computer viruses. First of all, the location of data storage should be located at proper site to prevent the possible harm. Second, there is a backup program to store the data within the central database and user can retreive the data from that backup file when they have faced with any trouble. Also, this backup program should be developed all the time to make the system stronger and have more efficient.

[Ashaya.i]

I don’t know why my chart is not show anymore, here’s a link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IJRS7ZXr9CBLtFgfyj9r7TXSvKWUssF7/view?usp=sharing

[Ashaya.i]

Thank you for sharing this! It’s very helpful.

[Author]

Posts