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Thailand’s primary care system is based on Primary Care Units (PCUs), which are small local health centers providing basic healthcare. PCUs focus on preventive care, treating common illnesses, maternal and child health, elderly care, and disease screening. They work closely with community health workers (CHWs) and district hospitals to ensure patients receive the care they need. However, there are challenges such as a shortage of doctors in rural areas, heavy paperwork, and limited resources.
COVID-19 Pandemic : Thailand started checking travelers from China for signs of illness. This helped find and isolate cases quickly. Another important factor was community involvement. Health workers at PCUs and in villages educated people about washing hands, wearing masks, and keeping a safe distance, which helped stop the virus from spreading. PCUs also act a big role in testing people for COVID-19 and providing first aid. They worked closely with hospitals to make sure patients got proper care. The government also acted quickly by setting rules like lockdowns and travel bans to reduce the spread of the virus.
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Thailand’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) scheme provides healthcare to almost everyone in the country. Launched in 2002, it has made medical treatment affordable, improved health services, and reduced financial burdens on families. The system is funded by taxes and focuses on primary care to keep costs under control. The government strongly supports the program, making it a success.
There are three main health coverage systems in Thailand.
1.The National Health Security System (Gold Card) : covers most of the population, providing free or low-cost treatment at public hospitals.
2.The Social Security System (SSS) : for private-sector employees, offering care through contracted hospitals.
3.The Civil Service Welfare scheme provides the best benefits, covering government employees and their families with access to private hospitals and better medical services.However, there are challenges. Healthcare costs are rising due to an aging population and more cases of chronic diseases. There are also differences between the three main health schemes, meaning some people get better benefits than others. Hospitals, especially in rural areas, do not have enough doctors and nurses, leading to long working hours and staff shortages. Many public hospitals are overcrowded, and some struggle with budget shortages. Private hospitals attract skilled workers, creating a gap in service quality between public and private healthcare.
To keep UHC strong, the government needs to secure more funding through increased health budgets or special taxes on products like alcohol and tobacco. More doctors and nurses should be trained and given better incentives to work in rural areas. The differences between health schemes should be reduced so that everyone gets fair treatment. Hospitals should improve management and invest in new technology to provide better care.
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There is a clear gap between rural and urban healthcare, mainly in the number of workers, hospital technology, and the number of hospitals. However, the knowledge level of doctors does not seem to differ too much.
To close this gap, innovations like telemedicine could help bring specialist care to rural areas without requiring doctors to relocate. Mobile clinics and better transportation systems could also improve access to healthcare in remote areas. Additionally, offering incentives for medical professionals to work in rural hospitals, such as higher salaries, housing support, or career growth opportunities, could help balance workforce distribution.
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I mostly work in coding.Don’t know much on health workforce situation. for my experience, I see government hospitals often don’t have enough workers, even though they hire informal workers to help. Many medical graduates avoid working in these hospitals because the pay is too low and wages are sometimes unpaid. To fix this, the government should pay workers on time and offer better salaries. They could also give benefits like scholarships or loan help to encourage graduates to join. Making the workplace better, with fair rules and chances to grow in their careers, could also help keep workers from leaving.
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What the good and bad of using EMR
Good of using EMR
The Efficiency – EMR improve patient data management. Unlike paper records, which require manual searching, EMRs allow instant access to patient history, lab results, and prescriptions. This speeds up decision-making and reduces administrative workload, ultimately improving patient care.
The Data Accuracy – Handwritten records are prone to errors, misinterpretation, and missing information. EMRs minimize these risks by ensuring clear, structured, and complete documentation. Standardized digital entries help avoid mistakes that could impact patient treatment.
The Remote Access – authorized healthcare providers can access patient data from multiple locations. This is especially useful in multi-clinic systems where doctors need to review a patient’s history even if they visited a different branch. Paper records, in contrast, are confined to a single location, limiting accessibility.
bad of using EMR
The Training Challenge – Transitioning from paper records to EMRs requires extensive training. Many healthcare workers, especially those unfamiliar with digital systems, may struggle with the new technology. Without proper training, efficiency can drop, and errors can increase during the adjustment period.
The Technical Issues – Unstable power supply, internet outages, or software failures can disrupt access to EMRs. In contrast, paper records are always available, regardless of technical issues. In settings with poor infrastructure, reliance on digital systems can pose a risk.
The Privacy Concern – While EMRs offer stronger security, they also introduce privacy risks. Digital records can be hacked or accessed by unauthorized users. In paper-based systems, physical access is required to view records, making data breaches less likely on a large scale.
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Disease Definition
Setting clear disease definitions helps us determine what data to collect and use. Using standard systems like ICD (International Classification of Diseases) or SNOMED CT ensures consistency. Doctors and data experts should work together to refine these definitions so they match real-world cases.Data Quality and Missing Data
If data is missing or incorrect, it becomes unusable. To fix this, we need to check data accuracy when collecting it. If data is missing, we can use methods like multiple imputation or regression imputation to fill in gaps with estimated values.Unstructured Data
Audio recordings and videos may contain useful medical details, such as a patient’s heartbeat sound or movement patterns in a video. However, these types of data are difficult to analyze directly. To make them useful, we can convert speech to text/number or use machine learning to recognize patterns. This helps turn unstructured data into structured data that can be used in research and treatment.
Data Analysis and Training
Learning how to handle big data is essential. Machine learning can help identify patterns in large datasets, while tools like Apache Spark and Hadoop process big data efficiently. Training programs and workshops can help healthcare professionals improve their data skills. -
I agree with the four recommended points.
1. Bring key stakeholders together : corruption is a widespread issue, and involving policymakers, healthcare workers, and the public ensures that everyone understands the problem and takes responsibility for change.
2. Prioritize actions : identify the problem and set Prioritize, target the problem that have impact, we must focus on the most harmful and solvable issues first.
3. Holistic view : Corruption is complex and linked to politics, economics, and society. Looking at the bigger picture helps create long-term solutions rather than just temporary fixes.
4. Research community: More studies are needed to understand corruption and find what actually works to stop it. Research can guide policies and provide evidence-based solutions.Additionally,I think having a strong system that makes corruption difficult or reduces its impact is crucial. If we have strict monitoring, transparent processes, and regular audits, corruption becomes harder to hide. A system that checks and controls corruption can prevent it before it happens, making healthcare services more fair and trustworthy.
public awareness also is key to fighting corruption. When people know their rights and demand transparency, it becomes harder for corruption to continue. -
I think improving the healthcare system with Artificial Intelligence (AI) can enhance healthcare system. AI has the potential to improve healthcare efficiency, reduce errors, and provide faster, more accurate diagnoses.
However, one of the challenges is data privacy and ethical concerns.For example, patient records must be protected to prevent unauthorized access or misuse. Ethically, AI decisions should be fair and unbiased, ensuring that all patients receive equal treatment.
If we need good AI, we need a large amount of high-quality data to train AI models. Supercomputers and advanced computing systems are also necessary to process and analyze massive medical data. It’s important to ensure data is accurate, secure, and used ethically to gain people’s trust and make the most of AI in healthcare.
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I choose page 340, point 2 : The P value for the null hypothesis is the probability that chance alone produced the observed association; for example, if the P value for the null hypothesis is 0.08, there is an 8 % probability that chance alone produced the association
many people mistakenly think the P-value shows the chance that “random chance” caused the results. For example, if the P-value is 0.08, they assume there’s an 8% chance the result happened randomly But The P-value only shows how well the data fits the assumptions of the test, including the idea that there’s no real effect. It doesn’t prove whether chance caused the result or not.
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My name is Tanaphum Wichaita, and my nickname is Jumbo. I have a background in software engineering and currently work as a Research Software Engineer at the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). My role involves writing code to support research and consulting with researchers. Sometimes, I write code to create tables and plots, including statistical summaries such as mean, median, max, and min etc.. I also have experience working with Bayesian models.
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My organization has around 500 members and 5 units in other provinces, each with many departments. We handle private data, and some of it cannot be shared with others. We use our own server to store this information.
To protect our data, I think I should use Full Backups to create complete copies of all our data regularly and store them safely. This will make sure we don’t lose anything. For very important data, we should also use Data Replication, which copies the data in real time, so we can recover quickly if something goes wrong.
It’s also important to focus on People and Training, making sure everyone knows their role during a disaster and how to respond. Regular testing and training will help us stay prepared and improve our recovery process.
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As a research software engineer, I work on developing and maintaining software to support research goals. My role includes organizing tasks, ensuring the software works correctly, and working with researchers to meet project needs.
I think I don’t follow all 12 steps of project management, I apply key principles like “Define the project”, “List the tasks”, “Plan the task order” and “Review Project”. I break down tasks into smaller steps, assign responsibilities, prioritize what to do first, and review the work.
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For Patients:
they receive treatment and care faster because doctors and nurses can quickly access their medical information. There are no delays or errors since the system is always running, and patients avoid long waits caused by system problems.For the Hospital:
high availability enables smoother operations as the system continues to work even during hardware or software issues. It prevents costly downtime, saves time on fixing data problems, and builds trust with patients by ensuring services are always available. -
I have been a team member working with a good leader. In a project, the leader asked everyone what they could do and encouraged us to share ideas. We talked about which tools to use and shared what worked well or not based on our experience. The leader listened to everyone and made sure we felt involved, which kept us motivated.
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I don’t have experienced a breach in my information system.i check my email will haveibeenpwned.com.my email have been pwned 8 times.i will share one of them
What happened?
In July 2016, the gaming news site DLH.net suffered a data breach which exposed 3.3M subscriber identities. Along with the keys used to redeem and activate games on the Steam platform, the breach also resulted in the exposure of email addresses, birth dates and salted MD5 password hashes.How did it affect the system or users?
– many user hacked bacause Usernames and Password is breached.
– Steam keys,code of activating a game, was activated.How to prevent it?
– Encrypt Sensitive Data : Encrypt Steam keys, username , password.
– Implement Access Controls : by using 2FA or MFA authentication .
– Limit Data Sharing: Only share necessary data with third parties and ensure it’s protected. -
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I start with something I enjoy, like a game, music, or movie. Begin by listening to what the characters or speakers are saying with subtitles on. When you see a word or phrase or sentence that I don’t understand, pause and look it up in a dictionary. Once I feel more familiar with the words, try listening without subtitles to challenge your comprehension.
I want to improve my listening skills so I can understand the story faster without needing to pause, making my experience smoother and more enjoyable.
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Be First
PM Lee (Singapore): PM Lee has been updating the public regularly and reassures them that they’re informed about each new development.
President Trump (USA): Trump acknowledges that the virus originated in China and has spread globally. His speech comes after the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic.Be Right
PM Lee: He gives clear facts, comparing COVID-19 with SARS and flu and providing specific data on risks.
President Trump: Trump lists actions like travel restrictions and funding, but he focuses more on the U.S. economy and strength than details on the virus.Be Credible
PM Lee: He’s honest about what’s still unknown and stays calm, avoiding exaggeration.
President Trump: presents confidence in the U.S. response and frequently references U.S. economic and healthcare strengths.Show Care
PM Lee: understands people’s fears and stresses staying calm and united.
President Trump: shows care mainly by addressing the elderly and high-risk groups.Promote Action
PM Lee: gives clear advice, like washing hands, checking temperatures, and staying home if sick.
President Trump: encourages general hygiene but focuses more on national efforts than specific actions for people.Show Respect
PM Lee: talks to people respectfully and encourages unity without blaming anyone.
President Trump: speaks proudly of the U.S. but criticizes Europe’s response, which might feel less respectful to some. -
Self-management : I think it strongest component of EQ.I think control and manage my emotions well. I am hard to upset.although when i am yougn i cay alot but present i hardly cry.i think maybe Let some emotions go make easy to control my emotions and make me easy to Fill up my Satisfaction with small thing.
Action Plan: I’ll use self-management to make my life easier by finding small motivations to push me forward in work, skills, and achievements.
Social awareness : i don’t means i am anti-social or don’t care the Social.I do care about others and sometimes understand others’ feelings and can empathize with them, but I don’t often think deeply about what they’re going through.At sometimes, I think too logically, which can make me feel less connected in some situations.
Action Plan: I’ll think on balancing logic with empathy. When analyzing situations, I’ll remind myself to consider the emotional side, not just the logical one, to help me connect better with others.
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Areas of improvements in Thailand
Team: needs stronger teamwork between different health organizations, government, and community groups to make sure health information is shared quickly during crises.
Transparency and Trust: Building trust with the public by clearly protecting people’s health data privacy and being open about how data is used is important.
Technology: Needs more toward paperless systems and better apps.Improve data quality, enable timely data collection, and support public health decisions. Better technology infrastructure can enhance the speed and accuracy of health information gathering and sharing.
Techquity: make more infrastructure and improver old infrastructures,Making digital health tools more accessible to everyone, especially in rural areas, will ensure that everyone can get the care and information they need during a health crisis.
Transformation: work on updating its health system by using tools like digital health records and telehealth, which would make it easier to respond to future health emergencies.
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Could you list the disease outbreaks that have been declared as the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)?
1. H1N1 2009
2. Poliovirus 2014
3. Ebola 2014
4. Zika 2016
5. Ebola 2017
6. COVID-19 2020
Why do these outbreaks raise such concerns?
because they spread quickly, affect many people, and can cause severe illness or even death. They also lead to serious health complications, economic losses, and increased fear in communities.Some diseases are hard to detect early and hard to control, making their impact even greater.
In your opinion, is there a disease or condition that may potentially lead to PHEIC in the future? Why?
Any disease could potentially lead to a PHEIC, depending on how it evolves, how quickly it spreads, and how severe its health effects are. Global warming may also contribute to the evolution and spread of diseases, increasing the risk of future PHEICs. -
Asymptomatic Cases : The current system does not consistently capture asymptomatic acute hepatitis B cases, as the focus is primarily on symptomatic patients. Since up to 60% of acute hepatitis B infections can be asymptomatic, this creates a gap in understanding the disease. It’s quite hard to improve it.in my opinion,we can improve this by creating a system that tracks both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, such as through regular health check-ups.Creating Better technology for detecting the disease more easily and accurately could also help.
Timeliness : The report observed a decline in timely reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic, which made it harder for the system to quickly respond to hepatitis B cases.To fix this, the reporting process should be made simpler and faster. Using digital tools, like real-time reporting through electronic systems, could help reduce the time it takes to report cases and improve overall response times.
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Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, and data and information processing, and storage.
How could information technology be applied to assist the outbreak investigation process?
Verification & preparation
– We can speed up sending data to labs, allowing us to get results quicker. With a good infrastructure, data from rural and remote areas can be efficiently collected, leading to more timely and accurate outbreak verification.Describe the outbreak
– IT can help track information about patients, locations and time. These tools can find patterns and show how and where the outbreak started. By collecting and organizing this data, we can detect outbreaks more easily in the future.Hypothesis & Testing
– We can create models and run simulations to test different ideas about what might be causing the outbreak. By comparing data, we can find out which explanation is most likely.Response & Action
– Make it easier to follow up on cases and respond quickly. It also improves communication between health workers and the public, helping everyone act faster and more effectively during an outbreak. -
I choose a chat-bot. It is a tool that talks to people online. During COVID-19, chat-bots helped answer common questions, like what to do if you have symptoms or where to get tested, which helped users get better information and make better decisions.
How it works:
it’s simple. Users ask a question, and the chat-bot provides an answer or may ask more questions to give a better response. Chat-bots respond faster than phone lines, offering quick advice. The hardest part of making a chat-bot is ensuring that it gives accurate and helpful answers.
Important:
Chat-bots were important during COVID-19 because they quickly answered many people’s questions without needing a human to respond every time. This reduced the workload for doctors and health workers and ensured that people received the right information quickly. -
How can surveillance help to detect and control the disease?
Surveillance helps detect and control diseases by tracking who is getting sick, where, and when. It monitors the spread of the disease, identifies outbreaks early, and helps health authorities respond quickly. By collecting and analyzing this information, public health officials can take steps to prevent the disease from spreading further.Should we conduct active or passive surveillance or both for the disease, why?
I think both active and passive surveillance should be good. Active surveillance is useful during outbreaks or in high-risk areas because it actively searches for cases, while passive surveillance is good for regular tracking of cases as it relies on reports from healthcare providers.Which method should be best to identify cases, why?
a.Cases in medical facilities VS community
Community surveillance: It captures a wider range of cases, including mild or unreported ones that may not reach medical facilities, giving a better overall picture of disease spread.b.Sentinel VS population-based surveillance
population-based surveillance: It covers all health facilities in a defined area, giving a more complete and generalizable view of disease incidence, even though it’s more resource-intensive.c.Case-based VS aggregated surveillance
Case-based surveillance: It provides detailed information for each case, which is crucial for understanding transmission patterns and developing targeted interventions.d.Syndromic VS laboratory-confirmed surveillance
Laboratory-confirmed surveillance: It provides accurate and specific case identification, ensuring that only true cases are counted and tracked.What dissemination tools will you choose to disseminate monkeypox surveillance information? Why do you choose this/these tools?
Periodic bulletins and reports (weekly or monthly) can be used to inform healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public about ongoing surveillance data. online platforms provide up-to-date outbreak information that can be accessed by the global community and health professionals. -
Should you give the data out?
No,I should. Sharing personal details like home addresses, contact numbers, and health status can lead to serious privacy problems. Even if the study helps public health, I must protect the privacy of the patients.How do you avoid violating the General Principles of Informatics Ethics?
Respect for Privacy: Protect patient data and keep their personal information private.
Confidentiality: Don’t share personal data without the patient’s permission.
Do No Harm: Even if the research is helpful, you must make sure you don’t harm anyone by sharing their private information.
If you want to provide the data to them, what and how will you do it?
– Share summarized or anonymous data where all personal details, like names, addresses, and phone numbers, are taken out.
– Make sure the data is fully anonymous so it can’t be traced back to any specific person.
– If detailed data is really needed, get permission from the patients before sharing their personal information. -
As a Health Information Professional:
What should you do?
I should not do anything in this situation. The health information of my friend’s husband is private, and it’s not my place to act.Can you tell your friend?
In my opinion, I cannot tell my friend about this. It violates data ethics, which prohibit sharing private medical information without permission.Can you interfere with other people or family issues?
In this case, I don’t think I can interfere. However, if the situation is life-threatening or critical (e.g., death or severe illness), I believe it might be justified to interfere, but only after careful consideration of professional and ethical guidelines.Should your friend know because she might be at risk?
Telling her might make the situation worse. If she is unaware of her husband’s condition, there may be reasons why he hasn’t shared this information yet. Disclosing it could lead to trust issues in their relationship, which is not my place to affect.How will you follow the fundamental principles about right to self-determination, doing good, and doing no harm?
Self-Determination: The patient has the right to control their own medical information. It’s their decision whether or not to disclose this to others, including their partner.
Doing No Harm: Even though I may feel a moral responsibility to protect my friend, sharing the patient’s information without consent could harm the patient and violate legal and ethical standards.
Doing Good: While I may want to help my friend, my professional responsibility is to respect the patient’s rights. I must balance my desire to protect her with my obligation to maintain confidentiality.
• Isn’t it your obligation and the right of the subject to hold the information?
Yes, it is your responsibility to keep the patient’s information private. The patient has the right to control who knows about their medical condition. As a health professional, you must respect this and not share the information without the patient’s permission. -
follow the same system as in the topic 1 about modelling fitting.
Awareness: The success was due to understanding that a model was needed, ensuring data quality, selecting the right data to fit the model, and effective communication within the team.
Desire: The team was motivated by the goal of creating a highly accurate and flexible predictive model that could adapt to different datasets.
Knowledge: I received adequate training on both the technical and practical aspects of the model. Through weekly updates, we identified and addressed any gaps in our understanding or implementation.
Ability: Weekly updates helped keep the model simple, and the team showed it could work with the system. However, if there were gaps in users applying their knowledge after training, this could be a concern.
Reinforcement: The organization reinforces the change with weekly updates. Long-term success will depend on continuous support and motivation for users.
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i work on coding about modelling. i will explain modelling work
Data:Good data is very important. If we use the wrong data, the model will give wrong results.
Cost: We primarily use free software, which helps reduce costs, but we invest a significant amount of time to configure, fine-tune, and maintain the system. In some cases, we also use paid software if it offers better tools.
Design: We making the model easy to understand for both technical and non-technical users.
Operation: The operational workflow includes weekly updates, ensuring that the model is continuously refined and improved. Regular updates help to maintain the model’s relevance and accuracy as new data becomes available.
People: Strong leadership and commitment are key. It’s important to have a good plan for training and managing changes so that people use the system properly.
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In my work, I don’t know much about Clinical Decision Support Systems. However, in my organization, we have a Decision Support System used in healthcare to assist clinicians in making better diagnostic and treatment decisions. It integrates patient information, such as symptoms and diagnostic test results, and provides real-time recommendations based on clinical guidelines. This system is particularly valuable in low-resource settings, where healthcare workers may lack access to specialists or advanced medical tools.
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If the hospitals in the country do not use the ICD standard would disrupt nearly every aspect of healthcare, from clinical operations and patient care to research, public health surveillance, and billing. The healthcare system would face increased inefficiency, higher costs, and poorer health outcomes for both patients and providers. The ICD system is essential for ensuring standardization, communication, and accuracy across the complex and interconnected world of modern healthcare.
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I think the poor design of EMRs are a critical issue contributing to physician burnout and negatively impacting patient care. To solve this, EMR systems must be redesigned with a focus on usability, simplicity, and alignment with clinical workflows. By reducing the documentation burden, minimizing alert fatigue, and encouraging a better work-life balance, healthcare systems can improve both the experience for physicians and the quality of care provided to patients.
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Thank you for your presentation. POWER2DM is an excellent system that empowers diabetes patients to take control of their health. By leveraging technology, it improves patient care, provides valuable data, and fosters collaboration between patients and doctors. The shared decision-making dashboard is especially helpful, enabling both patients and healthcare providers to create personalized treatment plans together. With sufficient data, we can even compare different treatment options to determine the best fit for each individual.
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thank you for your presentation.I think this app is a useful tool for improving health knowledge in Myanmar, especially for people who don’t have easy access to doctors.It’s great that the app works without internet. This is especially helpful for people in areas where the internet is hard to access.
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According to a paper by Shaw T, et al. on “What is eHealth (6)?”, there are several definitions that can explain “eHealth”. In your opinion, what should be a definition of eHealth?
Health in Our Hands: This domain focuses on the use of eHealth technologies to allow individuals to monitor, track, and inform their own health. using technology like smartphones, fitness trackers, and health apps to let people manage their own health.
Interacting for Health: This domain focuses on the use of eHealth technologies to improve communication between healthcare providers, patients, and other stakeholders.Like video calls, text messages, and apps to help patients communicate with doctors and other healthcare providers. It makes it easier for people to connect with healthcare professionals.
Data Enabling Health: This domain focuses on collection, management, and use of health data. It involves using large sets of health data to improve healthcare outcomes, drive precision health, and enhance quality of care through data analytics and decision support systems
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Can you give an example of data that you think it could be considered as “Big Data”? What are the characteristics of the data that fit into 5Vs, or 7Vs, or 10Vs of Big data characteristics?
3 Vs
Volume – size and amounts of big data.
Velocity – speed at which data is generated, received, stored, and managed.
Variety – range of different data types, including unstructured data.5 Vs
Value – usefulness, importance and business value of Big Data
Veracity – Trustworthiness and reliability of data and information.7 Vs
Variability – Handling inconsistency and changing data patterns.
Visualization – Representing Big Data insights visually for better understanding.10 Vs
Validity – Correctness, accuracy, and relevance of data.
Vulnerability – Security and privacy risks associated with Big Data.
Volatility – Time relevance and the lifespan of data. (How long does data need to be kept for?) -
Hello Alex, thank you for reporting the Okta data breach. I agree with all the prevention steps you mentioned, like regular audits, encryption, and having a good incident response plan. These are all important to prevent future breaches.I think add access controls, only authorized personnel have access to sensitive data. Using role-based access would add more protection and help reduce the chance of unauthorized access.
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Hello Cing Sian Dal, thank you for explaining the MediSecure data breach. I agree with all the prevention measures you mentioned. I would also add encrypting and hashing sensitive information, like ID numbers and medical records. This way, even if hackers get the data, they can’t easily read or use it. Along with the other measures, this would make the company’s security much stronger.
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Hello Siriluk, Thank you for explaining the 9Near data breach in detail. I agree that improving security measures is very important to stop incidents like this. Adding hashing for things like ID card number would help protect the data, so even if a hacker gets it, they wouldn’t be able to see the real ID card numbers.
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1.Why would you choose cloud server, rather than physical server?
Save Cost, Time, and Space: A cloud server is ready to use, and the cost is reasonable. With a physical server, you have to buy the hardware(server), set it up, and find space to store it, which can be expensive and time-consuming.
Maintenance-Free: The cloud service provider takes care of server maintenance, security updates, and backups. With a physical server, you need to hire IT staff or a team to maintain and monitor it, adding to the cost and effort.
High Availability: Cloud servers often come with built-in redundancy and failover systems, ensuring your services stay online even if one server fails. Physical servers, on the other hand, are prone to hardware failures, which can lead to downtime and disruptions.
2. What kind of cloud computing service model would be most appropriate? Why?
Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS is ideal if you need fully-managed software that you can use immediately without worrying about infrastructure or development.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS is appropriate if you need to develop applications but don’t want to manage the underlying infrastructure (like servers or storage).
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS is suitable if you need more control over the entire IT infrastructure, including virtual machines, networks, and storage.
In my opinion, the choice of cloud computing service model depends on the service you use or need. However, the most appropriate option would be SaaS (Software as a Service).
Why SaaS?
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Ready to Use: It’s ready to use without any need for infrastructure or development.
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Cost-Effective: You don’t have to invest in hardware or maintenance; you simply pay for the software as you use it.
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Focus on Core Objectives: You can focus on your core activities or projects while the cloud provider manages everything behind the scenes.
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It’s many to attack a security attack
Attack password – Hackers attempt to crack user passwords or take advantage of users’ weak or easily guessable passwords to gain unauthorized access to accounts or systems.
Phishing – Hackers send fraudulent emails or messages that appear to be from Reliable sources (like Facebook,Google etc.) to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers.don’t click any link that you don’t sure what it is or untrusted.
Malware – software is designed to damage or gain unauthorized access to systems. It includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. Hackers will trick you to download the software that looks harmless.
Zero-Day Exploit – hackers find a flaw or weakness in a software or system that the company or developers don’t know about yet.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, I worked on a project related to Vaccine Decision-Making for COVID-19 using the COVID-19 International Modelling Consortium (CoMo Consortium) to simulate COVID-19 models.
The CoMo Consortium is a project developed to provide tools for modeling the spread of infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19, and to support policymakers in making informed decisions regarding public health interventions.
Project Details:
CoMo App (https://github.com/ocelhay/como) is effective at simulating the COVID-19 model. However, using it requires multiple skills:– Programming Skills: Users need to know how to install and run code.
– Vaccine Knowledge: An understanding of vaccine-related concepts, such as severity, susceptibility, and transmission, is crucial.
– Data Handling: The app requires users to work with Excel templates, which involve understanding vaccine models, population models, and COVID-19 models.
Limitations of the Project:
One limitation is that the app doesn’t offer automatic updates. If you need new features or adjustments, you must modify the code yourself. In my part of the project, I simulated different vaccine efficacy models, which required repeated runs, often taking significant time to complete.How Health Informatics Knowledge Could Help:
Applying health informatics skills ,particularly in programming and vaccine knowledge,could improve the project. We could optimize the app to run models faster, add new features and make it more user-friendly, reducing the need for advanced technical skills to operate it. -
To be a professional in public health or health informatics, I need knowledge and skills in health, technology, and people.
Understanding healthcare systems, public health, and medical terminology is essential to recognize the needs of healthcare professionals and patients. Knowing how diseases spread and affect people helps in making informed decisions to protect public health.
In terms of technology, skills in data management, health information systems, and basic programming are key. These enable you to handle large amounts of health data and create tools that make healthcare more efficient. It’s also important to understand how health systems work to ensure smooth integration of technology into healthcare processes.
Finally, people skills are crucial. Good communication helps you work well with healthcare professionals, IT teams, and patients. Understanding the needs of doctors, nurses, and patients is important for developing user-friendly systems. Managing change and helping people adapt to new technology is essential, as you’ll often introduce new systems into healthcare environments.
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